Diaqua­bis­{2-hy­droxy-5-[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene­amino]­benzoato-κ2 N,N′}nickel(II) dihydrate

In the title complex, [Ni(C13H9N2O3)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, the NiII atom, located on a twofold rotation axis, is in a distorted octa­hedral geometry, defined by four N atoms from two 2-hy­droxy-5-[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl­idene­amino]­benzoate ligands and two O atoms from two water mol­ecules. In the crystal, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complex mol­ecules and uncoordinated water mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. Intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present between the hy­droxy and carboxyl­ate groups

Spatio-Temporal Change Pattern Investigation of PM_2.5 in Jiangsu Province with MODIS Time Series Products

In the last decade, the spatio-temporal patterns of PM2.5 on various scales, ranging from global, continent, and country to regional levels, has been the focus of considerable studies. However, these studies on spatio-temporal variability have concentrated primarily on changes in the spatial distribution patterns of regional PM2.5 concentrations and ignored temporal characteristics at a local site from a heterogeneous surface, such as local variability, persistence, and stability of PM2.5 exposure. Understanding the temporal characteristics of PM2.5 concentration changes at the local scale will help determine the local impacts of PM2.5, such as local exposure risk and vulnerability to PM2.5. This study aims to reveal the local characteristics of temporal variation at the scale of a prefecture-level city and its distinct-varying patterns from those at the provincial scale by using the annual satellite-derived PM2.5 concentration product from 2000 to 2015. The evolutionary trends, stability, and persistence of annual changes were discovered with a set of time series analysis methods, such as linear regression analysis + F-test, coefficient of variation method, and Hurst index. This study uses PM2.5 product data for a total of 16 years, from 2000 to 2015, and uses time series analysis methods, such as Theil–Sen median trend analysis + Mann–Kendall test, one-dimensional linear regression analysis + F-test, coefficient of variation method, and Hurst index, to reveal the temporal variation characteristics and spatial patterns of PM2.5 in Jiangsu Province. The results show that the increasing trends or slopes of annual averaged PM2.5 concentrations in Jiangsu Province are not consistent at the prefecture-level city scale, but they are consistent in northern, central and southern Jiangsu at a larger upward trend since 2000. The areas with significant increasing trends are concentrated in Xuzhou and Lianyungang and other northern cities. From the viewpoint of variability, the areas in medium and high variability are mainly aggregated in the areas north of the Yangtze River. According to the combination of persistence analysis and trend analysis, future variation in PM2.5 concentrations indicates an inverse persistence for an increasing trend, meaning the air quality decline in Jiangsu will slow

Porcine IFI16 Negatively Regulates cGAS Signaling Through the Restriction of DNA Binding and Stimulation

The innate immunity DNA sensors have drawn much attention due to their significant importance against the infections with DNA viruses and intracellular bacteria. Among the multiple DNA sensors, IFI16, and cGAS are the two major ones, subjected to extensive studies. However, these two DNA sensors in livestock animals have not been well defined. Here, we studied the porcine IFI16 and cGAS, and their mutual relationship. We found that both enable STING-dependent signaling to downstream IFN upon DNA transfection and HSV-1 infection, and cGAS plays a major role in DNA signaling. In terms of their relationship, IFI16 appeared to interfere with cGAS signaling as deduced from both transfected and knockout cells. Mechanistically, IFI16 competitively binds with agonist DNA and signaling adaptor STING and thereby influences second messenger cGAMP production and downstream gene transcription. Furthermore, the HIN2 domain of porcine IFI16 harbored most of its activity and mediated cGAS inhibition. Thus, this study provides a unique insight into the porcine DNA sensing system

An LQT2-related mutation in the voltage-sensing domain is involved in switching the gating polarity of hERG

Abstract Background Cyclic Nucleotide-Binding Domain (CNBD)-family channels display distinct voltage-sensing properties despite sharing sequence and structural similarity. For example, the human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene (hERG) channel and the Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel share high amino acid sequence similarity and identical domain structures. hERG conducts outward current and is activated by positive membrane potentials (depolarization), whereas HCN conducts inward current and is activated by negative membrane potentials (hyperpolarization). The structural basis for the “opposite” voltage-sensing properties of hERG and HCN remains unknown. Results We found the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) involves in modulating the gating polarity of hERG. We identified that a long-QT syndrome type 2-related mutation within the VSD, K525N, mediated an inwardly rectifying non-deactivating current, perturbing the channel closure, but sparing the open state and inactivated state. K525N rescued the current of a non-functional mutation in the pore helix region (F627Y) of hERG. K525N&F627Y switched hERG into a hyperpolarization-activated channel. The reactivated inward current induced by hyperpolarization mediated by K525N&F627Y can be inhibited by E-4031 and dofetilide quite well. Moreover, we report an extracellular interaction between the S1 helix and the S5-P region is crucial for modulating the gating polarity. The alanine substitution of several residues in this region (F431A, C566A, I607A, and Y611A) impaired the inward current of K525N&F627Y. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that a potential cooperation mechanism in the extracellular vestibule of the VSD and the PD would determine the gating polarity in hERG