An Algorithmic Theory of Dependent Regularizers, Part 1: Submodular Structure

We present an exploration of the rich theoretical connections between several classes of regularized models, network flows, and recent results in submodular function theory. This work unifies key aspects of these problems under a common theory, leading to novel methods for working with several important models of interest in statistics, machine learning and computer vision. In Part 1, we review the concepts of network flows and submodular function optimization theory foundational to our results. We then examine the connections between network flows and the minimum-norm algorithm from submodular optimization, extending and improving several current results. This leads to a concise representation of the structure of a large class of pairwise regularized models important in machine learning, statistics and computer vision. In Part 2, we describe the full regularization path of a class of penalized regression problems with dependent variables that includes the graph-guided LASSO and total variation constrained models. This description also motivates a practical algorithm. This allows us to efficiently find the regularization path of the discretized version of TV penalized models. Ultimately, our new algorithms scale up to high-dimensional problems with millions of variables

CHILDREN SONGS AS MEDIA IN TEACHING ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION (A CASE STUDY ON THE FOURTH YEAR OF SD N KECIL KARANG HARJO IN 2010/2011 ACADEMIC YEAR)

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Research Paper. 2011. The type of this study is descriptive research, the data are interview script and field notes taken from the teaching-learning process. The data are collected using observation, interview, documents and analyzed using three steps. They are reducing, displaying, verifying. The objective of the study is to describe implementation of English children songs as media in teaching pronunciation, the problems faced by teacher in teaching pronunciation using song at the fourth year of SDN Kecil Karang Harjo, and find the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation using song viewed from the student perspective. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that in planning the lesson, the writer used learning cycle in order to develop pronunciation ability. It consists of four stages: Building of the Field (BKOF), Modeling of Text (MOT), Join Construction of Text (JCOT), and Independent Construction of Text (ICOT). The goal of teaching pronunciation using song as media is to develop the student’s speech, fluency, express their feeling and also makes the speech clear. The students more interested and exited in teaching-learning process, because they get new atmosphere in their classroom. The songs make the students enjoy and happy. The writer finds the problem faced by the teacher; they are different competences of the students, and the lack of students’ activity. Then, the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation using song viewed from the student perspective is using song as media the students can increase the vocabulary and good pronunciation