FIELD APPLICATION OF THE PM LEADERSHIP THEORY ON THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL MASTERS OF SHANDONG PROVINCE IN CHINA

The teaching level of senior high school education is closely related to the management model and the leadership ability of the principal. This paper is an empirical study on the leadership behavior of the senior high school masters in Shandong Province using a modified from of the PM scale for leadership behavior assessment according to the characteristics of China’s educational system. The result of our research shows that the PM leadership behavior in the senior high school has these characteristics： The two functions of senior high school masters in “P” and “M” leadership behavior factors have significant differences when contrasted with the other organizations. Evaluations of teachers and managerial staff with regard to leadership behavior indicate a significant difference in the P leadership behavior factor. On the other hand, evaluations of teachers and the managerial staff indicate no significant difference in M leadership behavior factor. With regard to the values of working situation factors in schools, the teacher group and the managerial staff group indicate no significant difference in stimulation, satisfaction degree toward treatment and performance criteria, but indicate a distinctive difference in information communication. And, based on the present managerial situation of China’s senior high schools and the PM theory of leadership, some advice is presented on how to improve the management behavior of principals. Key words: leadership behaviour, P factor, M facto

A pathway analysis of genome-wide association study highlights novel type 2 diabetes risk pathways.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely used to identify common type 2 diabetes (T2D) variants. However, the known variants just explain less than 20% of the overall estimated genetic contribution to T2D. Pathway-based methods have been applied into T2D GWAS datasets to investigate the biological mechanisms and reported some novel T2D risk pathways. However, few pathways were shared in these studies. Here, we performed a pathway analysis using the summary results from a large-scale meta-analysis of T2D GWAS to investigate more genetic signals in T2D. Here, we selected PLNK and VEGAS to perform the gene-based test and WebGestalt to perform the pathway-based test. We identified 8 shared KEGG pathways after correction for multiple tests in both methods. We confirm previous findings, and highlight some new T2D risk pathways. We believe that our results may be helpful to study the genetic mechanisms of T2D