Nitric oxide in the nucleus raphe magnus modulates cutaneous blood flow in rats during hypothermia

Objective(s): Nucleus Raphe Magnus (NRM) that is involved in the regulation of body temperature contains nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Considering the effect of NO on skin blood flow control, in this study, we assessed its thermoregulatory role within the raphe magnus. Materials and Methods: To this end, tail blood flow of male Wistar rats was measured by laser doppler following the induction of hypothermia. Results: Intra�NRM injection of SNP (exogenous NO donor, 0.1� 0.2 μl, 0.2 nM) increased the blood flow. Similarly, unilateral microinjection of glutamate (0.1� 0.2 μl, 2.3 nM) into the nucleus increased the blood flow. This effect of L�glutamate was reduced by prior intra NRM administration of NO synthase inhibitor NG�methyl�L�arginine or NG�nitro�L�arginine methyl ester (L�NAME, 0.1 μl, 100 nM). Conclusion: It is concluded that NO modulates the thermoregulatory response of NRM to hypothermia and may interact with excitatory amino acids in central skin blood flow regulation. © 2015, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Some aspects of the Liouville equation in mathematical physics and statistical mechanics

This paper presents some mathematical aspects of Classical Liouville theorem and we have noted some mathematical theorems about its initial value problem. Furthermore, we have implied on the formal frame work of Stochastic Liouville equation (SLE)

The association of uric acid levels with presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and need for revascularization in renal transplant candidates

"nBackground: Uric acid as a final product of purine metabolism has a role of risk factor for cardiovascular disease with less clear mechanism in general population. The aim of this study was Assessing and finding association between uric acid levels and CAD as a risk factor in renal transplant candidates and if we can predict need to revascularization according to uric acid level as an important measure. "nMethods: This is a cross-sectional study that has been studied since April 2007 up to December 2008, in imam Khomeini and pars hospitals in Tehran. Inclusion criteria were patients with ESRD, more than 40 years who were candidates for renal transplantations. They underwent coronary angiography without regarding clinical cardiac symptom or results of noninvasive tests (for avoiding referral bias) and simultaneous analysis of serum uric acid level and results of this two producers were analyzed. Excluding criteria were patients who didn't tend to coronary angiography, those who hadn't adequate artery access, or potential co morbidity so that angiography was impossible and life expectancy less than 6 month. "nResults: 56 (24 females and 32 males) were constituted. 89.3% (50) of patients had coronary artery disease. The average of uric acid level was significantly different in patients with and without CAD [7.62±1.07mg/dl and 5.95±1.29mg/dl respectively] (p=0.0024). Moreover, there was statistically significant difference in serum uric level between patients who were candidate for revascularization and the others [7.89±0.79mg/dl and 6.2±1.27mg/dl respectively] (p<0.001). "nConclusion: It seems that serum uric acid can be considered as a cardiovascular risk factor in renal transplant candidates and also as a predictor for related treatment

An evaluation of pharmacist�s knowledge concerning the use of oral contraceptive pills in Hamadan pharmacies

Pharmacists as an available member of the health care system have an important role in transmitting accurate and complete information to consumers about contraception methods. The aim of the present study has been to evaluate pharmacist's knowledge with regard to the use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) based on the patient�s conditions in Hamadan pharmacies in 2016. This analytical-descriptive study was performed on 96 pharmacists working at Hamadan pharmacies. The data collection was done using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 59 items including 5 items on the demographic data of pharmacists and 54 items on evaluating the pharmacists' knowledge of using OCPs in accordance with the patient's condition. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were investigated in 52 subjects prior to the current study (Cronbach�s α = 0.993). The mean age of the pharmacists was 38.81 (SD ±10.70) years and 50 of them were male. The average of the total knowledge score was 75.94 (SD±11.31). The total knowledge score showed a significant negative correlation with age, years of work experience and the time since graduation. Also, the total knowledge score was higher in female and pharmacists working in governmental pharmacies as compared with male and pharmacists working in private pharmacies. While the level of pharmacists' knowledge about oral contraceptives was fair, the knowledge of the older pharmacists was significantly lower than young pharmacists. So, further educational interventions were required for older pharmacists particularly males. © 2018 by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences

An evaluation of pharmacist�s knowledge concerning the use of oral contraceptive pills in Hamadan pharmacies

Pharmacists as an available member of the health care system have an important role in transmitting accurate and complete information to consumers about contraception methods. The aim of the present study has been to evaluate pharmacist's knowledge with regard to the use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) based on the patient�s conditions in Hamadan pharmacies in 2016. This analytical-descriptive study was performed on 96 pharmacists working at Hamadan pharmacies. The data collection was done using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 59 items including 5 items on the demographic data of pharmacists and 54 items on evaluating the pharmacists' knowledge of using OCPs in accordance with the patient's condition. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were investigated in 52 subjects prior to the current study (Cronbach�s α = 0.993). The mean age of the pharmacists was 38.81 (SD ±10.70) years and 50 of them were male. The average of the total knowledge score was 75.94 (SD±11.31). The total knowledge score showed a significant negative correlation with age, years of work experience and the time since graduation. Also, the total knowledge score was higher in female and pharmacists working in governmental pharmacies as compared with male and pharmacists working in private pharmacies. While the level of pharmacists' knowledge about oral contraceptives was fair, the knowledge of the older pharmacists was significantly lower than young pharmacists. So, further educational interventions were required for older pharmacists particularly males. © 2018 by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences