Evaluation of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) and Florists Daisy (Chrysanthemum morifolium L.) Intercropping and Its Effects on Insect Population

Intercropping is a common method of crop production in many regions of the world mainly due to the resources efficiency and yeid promotion. To study the agronomic traits of Chrysanthemum morifolium intercropped with fenugreek, an experiment was conducted as RCBD with seven treatments; (T1): fenugreek sole cropping (T2): Chrysanthemum sole cropping  (T3): 50 percentage Chrysanthemum and 50 percentage fenugreek intercropping,  (T4): 35 percentage Chrysanthemum and 65 percentage fenugreek, (T5): 35 percentage fenugreek and 75 percentage intercropping Chrysanthemum, (T6) 25 percentage Chrysanthemum and 75 percentage fenugreek intercropping and  (T7) 75 percentage Chrysanthemum and 25 percentage fenugreek. The results revealed the positive effects of intercropping on flower and shoot number, fresh weight of the plant and root and flower dry weight in Chrysanthemum. The greatest plant fresh weight (289.1 g) and root fresh weight (41.3 g) was belonged to T7 treatment. The highest shoot number was recorded in T5, T6 and T7 treatments. For the flower dry weight, T5 (31.03 g) and T7 (30.9 g) hold the greatest data. The highest recorded flower number in Chrysanthemum was attained by T5 treatment. The highest data for fenugreek growth characteristic was belonged to fenugreek monocropping (pod number per plants, plant fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight. Land Equality Ratio for all the intercropping patterns was greater than 1, showing the higher effecincy and profitability of intercropping compared to sole cropping. The results as well indicated that the most number of pests and natural enemies were shown in sole and inter-cropping treatments, respectively

The Effects of Dekap Foliar Application on Some Morphological and Physiological Traits of Cucurbita pepo L.

In order to study the effects of Dekap (0, 1, 2 and 3 L ha-1) foliar applications on some physiological and morphological treats of Cucurbita pepo an experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design at Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University Research Farm. The result showed that the foliar application had significant effects on plant length, number of auxiliary branches, leaf number, number of female flower, total number of fruit, fruit diameter, fruit fresh weight, intact fruit number, fruit yield, number of intact and immature seeds in fruits and oil percent. The highest number of auxiliary branches, plant height, leaf number per plant and the highest data for oil percent, seed length, fruit fresh weight and fruit diameter were recorded at 1 and 2 L ha-1 foliar application. The highest data for intact seed number was recorded at 1 L ha-1 foliar application but, the highest number of immature seeds were recorded at 2 and 3 L ha-1 foliar application. The highest data for female flower number and total number of fruits per plant were recorded at 1 L ha-1 treatment. The treatment used in this experiment had not significant effects on protein content, seed dry weight, leaf dry weight, potassium and phosphor concentrations. Considering the fact that, in the present experiment there was no significant difference between 1 and 2 L ha-1 of Dekap foliar applications in some of the evaluated traits, so, we can claim that 1 L ha-1 Dekap foliar application can be recommended for the extension section

Salinity Effects on Some Physiological Characteristics of Allium ampeloprasum L.

Water and agricultural soils salinity is the major limiting factors influencing vegetable production in most Iranian areas and climates. Allium ampeloprasum L. as a leafy vegetable has been of great interest for vegetable producers in most parts of Iran. However, due to gradual increase in soil and water salinity especially at Northwest Iran, the production of this vegetable has been faced with many production constraints. For the study of the salinity effects on some growth related and physiological traits of Allium ampeloprasum, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on RCBD with five NaCl concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) levels and two local clones (\u27Tabriz\u27 and \u27Isfahan\u27) with three replications. The results revealed that there were interaction effects of salinity and clonee considering proline content and K+/Na+ ratios. The highest amounts of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll content, and leaves fresh weight were recorded in control plants. Na+ accumulation, MDA, H2O2 levels, soluble sugars content and ion leakage rate were the highest with 160 mM NaCl levels. With salinity level added, the proline accumulation in the plants was concomitantly increased

Foliar Application of Marmarin on Antioxidant Activity and Storage Time of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)

Two separate experiments were conducted to study the effects of algae extract (\u27Marmarin\u27) foliar application on growth potential and storage life of garden cress. In the first experiment, the effect of \u27Marmarin\u27 foliar application on growth characteristics (leaf length and width, petiole length, leaves number, roots dry weight, root length and leaves dry weight) was determined. The results showed the positive effects of foliar spray on roots and leaves dry weight, root length, leaves number and petiole length. In the second experiment, the impact of foliar application of \u27Marmarin\u27 on harvested plants was assayed. The results showed significant effect of foliar spray treatment and storage time on chlorophyll b, total soluble solids and chlorotic leaves number. The highest total soluble solids were obtained by foliar application of 5 ml L-1 algae extract at harvest and at 4 days after storage, as well as with 10 ml L-1 foliar application at harvest time. Foliar application treatment with 10 mg L-1 at harvest and four days after storage had significant effects on chlorophyll b content. The highest chlorotic leaves number was determined without foliar application at 12 days after storage. Chlorophyll a, anthocyanin and total phenolics content were independently affected by foliar application and storage time. The highest amount of chlorophyll a was attained by foliar application of 5 and 10 ml L-1. The highest amount of anthocyanin and total phenolics was determined at application of 5, 10 and 15 ml L-1, and 10, 15 and 20 ml L-1, respectively. The highest content of anthocyanin was determined at the harvest. Also, the highest contents of total phenolics and chlorophyll a were determined at the harvest and were statistically equal with amount determined at 4 days after harvest

The Effects of Relative Substitution of Organic Fertilizers on Elementes Content, Some Physiological Traits and Yield of Lepidium sativum L.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of partial substitution of some organic fertilizers on the growth, yield and some physiological traits (elemental content, as well as phenolics, flavonoids and chlorophyll content of lepidium sativum as RCBD with three replications. Treatments were including control, (common soil) and different levels of vermicompost (10 and 20 %), poultry and cow manure substitution in soil. The results revealed that the highest plant height, root length, leaf widths and stem and root dry weight were observed with 10 and 20% of vermicompost. Chlorophyll a content had highest amount at 20% vermicompoust and chlorophyll b content had the highest amount with 10% vermicompost and cow manure substitution and for total flavonoids, 10 % vermicompost hold the highest data. For the elements, Zn content was affected by the poultry (120-122.7 µg/plant) and cow manure (119.7-123.3 µg/plant) substitution. Mn2+(341.8-378.6 µg/plant) and Fe2+ (733.3-800 µg/plant)compositional amounts were statistically affected by vermiconpost. K+content (7.4 mg/plant) were positively responded to cow manure and vermicompost (8.6 mg/plant) both at 20% substitution. The lowest data for Ca2+content was belonged to control (4.6 mg/plan). 20% poultry and cow manures affected N content of the plant. It seems that organic fertilizers substitution affects the soil characteristics and improves nutrients absorption and hence influences the vegetative growth, elemental content of plants tissue as well as the organic compounds pool. Finally, it is worthy of note that with the suitable management of organic fertilizers utilization we would be able to promote the yield and quality attributes of the plant in favor of nutritional and therapeutic plant properties

KNO3, Nano-Zn, and Fe Foliar Application Influence the Growth and Physiological Responses of Aloe vera under Salinity

Aloe vera L. is a perennial drought-tolerant plant that is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. To evaluate the effects of the foliar application of KNO3, nano-Zn, and Fe (0 and 2 mgL(-1)) on Aloe vera plants under NaCl salinity stress (0, 50, 100 mM), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design. The results revealed that foliar applications influenced the root dry weight. The chlorophyll b content was affected by the salinity plus the foliar application. The total soluble solids content, chlorophyll a, phenolics, and flavonoids of the leaves, the gel content, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde, proline, and mineral nutrients content were impacted by the treatments as well. The highest values for the gel content (0.37 g per leaf) and plant dry weight (13.1 g per pot) were recorded at 0 mM NaCl + KNO3 + nano-Fe. The top K/Na ratio (35.2), and the largest K (69 g kg(-1)), P (6.6 g kg(-1)), Ca (31 g kg(-1)), and Mg (2.5 g kg(-1)) contents were recorded after the 0 mM NaCl + KNO3 treatment. The highest Fe content (383 g kg(-1)) was observed with 0 mM NaCl + nano-Fe treatment, and the maximum Zn content (37.6 mg kg(-1)) was measured after the 0 mM NaCl + nano Zn treatment. One hundred mM NaCl increased the malondialdehyde and Na contents. The largest amount of catalase activity was measured after the 50 mM NaCl + KNO3 + nano-Zn treatment. Salinity stress had adverse effects on the growth and physiological responses of Aloe vera. However, the foliar application of KNO3, nano-Zn and Fe mitigated the damaging effects of salinity. The results from more detailed studies would be advisable for pioneer farmers and the agricultural sector

Salinity Effects on Some Physiological Characteristics of Allium ampeloprasum L.

Water and agricultural soils salinity is the major limiting factors influencing vegetable production in most Iranian areas and climates. Allium ampeloprasum L. as a leafy vegetable has been of great interest for vegetable producers in most parts of Iran. However, due to gradual increase in soil and water salinity especially at Northwest Iran, the production of this vegetable has been faced with many production constraints. For the study of the salinity effects on some growth related and physiological traits of Allium ampeloprasum, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on RCBD with five NaCl concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) levels and two local clones (\u27Tabriz\u27 and \u27Isfahan\u27) with three replications. The results revealed that there were interaction effects of salinity and clonee considering proline content and K+/Na+ ratios. The highest amounts of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll content, and leaves fresh weight were recorded in control plants. Na+ accumulation, MDA, H2O2 levels, soluble sugars content and ion leakage rate were the highest with 160 mM NaCl levels. With salinity level added, the proline accumulation in the plants was concomitantly increased

Foliar Application of Nano-zinc and Iron Affects Physiological Attributes of Rosmarinus officinalis and Quietens NaCl Salinity Depression

Salinity is an obstacle for plant growth and the exploitation of means like cation foliar to soften the negative effects is of interest. The impacts of NaCl salinity (0, 75, 150, and 225 mM) and nano-Zn and Fe foliar applications (0 and 3 mg L−1) were examined on yield and physiological characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis grown in an open soilless culture system. Salinity decreased root growth and above-ground plant growth (fresh and dry weight), chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content, and zinc accumulation. Nano-Fe and Zn foliar application had positive influence on the above-ground plant growth. The results showed that Zn2+ content was affected by the interaction between salinity and nano-Fe and Zn foliar application. The highest content of Zn2+ was found at no saline Zn-sprayed plants. The content of Zn2+, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and phenolics were affected by the independent effects of salinity or foliar application. Salinity increased the H2O2 and MDA content but nano-zinc and iron spraying alleviated salinity impacts and both H2O2 and MDA decreased. Nano-Fe and Zn foliar application increased total phenolics and total flavonoids content. Proline and chlorophyll a content, Na+, K+ amounts, and K+/Na+ ratio were affected by the salinity stress. Salinity decreased K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio but increased Na+ and proline content with more pronounced effects at 225 mM NaCl. Overall, foliar application of both elements improved the growth and salt tolerance of rosemary and their application would be advisable to the cultivation practices

‏ ‏Growth and Some Physiological Characteristics of Savory ‎‎(Satureja hortensis L.) as Affected by Salinity Stress‎

The present experement was conducted as a factorial experiment based on RCBD with four NaCl levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) levels and two savory native clones (Tabriz and Hamadan) with three replications, to investigate the effects of Nacl salinity on some physiological (essential oils, chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugars, ion leakage, Na+ and K+ content) and growth characteristics of savory. The results revealed that there was significant interaction effects between salinity and clone on chlorophyll a content of the plant. The highest chlorophyll a content in both clones was recorded in the control plants. Root dry weight, Na+ and K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio, soluble sugars and ion lekage were affected by NaCl salinity. The highest amounts of stem and leaf dry weights, essential oils contents, proline and chlorophyll b content, were influenced by both clone and salinity levels. The highest stem dry weight, essential oil and proline contents belonged to Tabriz clone. The highest leaf dry weight and chlorophyll a+b contents were produced by Hamadan clone. The highest amont for some other traits, like root, stem and leaf dry weights, as well as for K+and K+/Na+ ratios, were observed in the control treatment. The highest Na+ accumulation were recorded in 150 mM NaCl treatment. It was also observed that with increasing salinity levels, proline content was concomitantly increased. The hieghest ion leakage, soluble sugars and proline amounts were belonged to 100 and 150 mM salinity levels. Considering the variation patterns for the traits studied, it seems that the salinity levels in both clones routinely affected the growth and physiological characteristics of the plants. It can be concluded that to achieve economical yields of savory and proper physiologyical traits we have to select salt tolerant clones to suit saline environments

Physiological and biochemical responses of Tanacetum balsamita L. to the foliar application of Dobogen biostimulant, glucose and KNO3 under salinity stress

Salinity is one of the predominant abiotic stress factors that influence the growth and productivity of plants. Salinity adversely impacts the growth responses via ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, impaired nutrients uptake, hormonal disparity, and the over-production of reactive oxygen species. To study the effects of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and foliar treatments (dH2O, 2 g L-1 Dobogen biostimulant, 2 g L-1 KNO3, and 2 g L-1 D-glucose) on the growth and physiological responses of Tanacetum balsamita, a factorial experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design at the research greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Iran. The results showed the significant interaction effects of salinity and foliar sprays on chlorophyll a, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Si content, K/Na ratio, and total phenolics and flavonoids content. The highest phenolic content was acquired with 100 mM salinity and foliar spray of Dobogen and glucose, 50 mM NaCl × KNO3 application, and 50 mM salinity × no-foliar application. The highest K/Na ratio was observed in control plants and controls × KNO3 and/or Dobogen application. The greatest Si content was recorded with no-salinity × Dobogen and KNO3 applications and no-saline × no-foliar (control) plants. The independent effects of treatments influenced malondialdehyde, flavonoids, proline contents, and catalase activity. Chlorophyll b and superoxide dismutase were affected by the salinity. Total soluble solids and Ca2+ content were responsive to the foliar applications. Malondialdehyde and proline content was the highest at 150 mM salinity. Salinity adversely affected the physiological responses of costmary. However, foliar treatments partially ameliorated the salinity effect, and the results with more detailed studies would be advisable to the extension section and pioneer farmers