Monumental Castanea sativa Mill. Individuals on the Slopes of Genya Mountain, Artvin, Turkey

Aged trees are considered as a valuable source of information on the past ecological conditions and social life where they are found, and their documentation and preservation are vital for the continuity of benefits they provide. Nineteen Castanea sativa Mill. individuals on abandoned agricultural plots near Artvin city center (Turkey) were measured for diameter at breast height (DBH), circumference at breast height (CBH) and height. DBH and CBH ranged between 72 cm and 186 cm, and between 231 cm and 615 cm, respectively. The highest tree is 22.20 m tall and the shortest is 13.65 m. Estimated ages of the trees ranged from 135 to 342 years. With their size and age, these trees can be designated as monumental trees. Protection of these trees will help in conserving C. sativa genetic resources and in passing the information they hold in their annual rings to future generations

Teacher! Please Light My Way: Effect of Providing Individual Feedback on Achievement in Social Studies Education

Feedback in education is messages that contain information about how close the student’s current behavior in the learning process is to the expected behavior, what deficiencies and mistakes exist, and how they can be eliminated, and messages that contain information about the last level reached. Feedback guides students’ learning and is an important component of assessment. In this study, the type of individual feedback was discussed. The research aims to determine the effect of the individual feedback provided to the students from the social studies course on their exam success. The research was conducted with three different social studies teachers and their six different students at three different socio-economic levels. After the teachers were given effective feedback training, two students in their classes were asked to give individual feedback on their lessons. At the end of the process, the exam scores of the students before receiving feedback and the exam scores after receiving feedback were compared according to the class averages. In addition, the opinions of the teachers in this process were also taken in the research. As a result of the research, it was determined that the exam scores of the students who received individual feedback increased and there was a higher change in their scores compared to the class average. According to the teachers, individual feedback increased the students’ interest in the lesson. Finally, teachers suggested to their colleagues that they should receive training on feedback and emphasized that every teacher should be good feedback literacy. Based on these results of the study, it is suggested that teachers should be trained about feedback and that their feedback literacy levels should be increased

Physical and chemical properties of recently deposited sediments in the reservoir of the Borcka Dam in Artvin, Turkey

This study was supported by the Department of Scientific Research Projects of Artvin Coruh University (Project Number: 2013.F12.02.03).Large dams produce important changes in flow regime and sediment deposition and distribution in rivers. When inundation starts with the building of dams, water surface area increases, flow rate decreases, and sediment carried by the river is deposited in the reservoir. However, there is a lack of research on the physical and chemical properties of recently deposited sediment in reservoirs of large dams. We aimed to fill this gap in the literature by providing valuable data on the initial formation of sediment deposition areas in reservoirs. Therefore, the aim of this study conducted within the Borcka Dam reservoir was to estimate some physical and chemical properties of deposited sediment, including grain size distribution, penetration resistance, water-stable aggregate, moisture content, organic matter content, and pH at two depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Another objective was to analyze the distribution of these properties across the sampling site. For this purpose, one of the aforementioned sediment deposition areas, approximately 3.6 ha, was designated as the study site; the study site was further divided into intersecting transects of 10 x 50 m. The penetration resistance values were determined in the field and 182 sediment samples were taken at 91 intersection points of transects, both from the surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface (10-20 cm) layers for laboratory analysis. Data gathered were evaluated using descriptive statistics and ANOVA, while geostatistical analyses were used for calculating spatial variability in the data. Results indicated that the most common texture classes were loam in the surface layer and silty loam in the subsurface layer. Moreover, the penetration resistance values, sand content, and water-stable aggregate values in the surface layer were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in the subsurface layer, and moisture content, clay and silt content, pH, and organic matter were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. Geostatistical analyses showed that all properties were described by the isotropic variogram and the ranges were lower in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. This study revealed that the analyzed physical and chemical properties of the recently deposited sediments showed significant differences between the layers

Experimental investigation of an Al2O3/distilled water nanofluid used in the heat pipes of heat exchangers

This study investigates the thermal performance of a heat pipe heat recovery system in air-to-air heat recovery systems using a nanofluid of Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) particles and distilled water. The experimental setup used 15 wickless vacuumed copper pipes with a length of 1000 mm, a 10.5 mm inner diameter and a 12 mm outer diameter. The evaporator section consists of 450 mm of heat pipes, the condenser section is 400 mm, and the adiabatic section is 150 mm. In experimental studies, 33% of the evaporator volume of the heat pipes was filled with working fluids. Experiments were carried out at temperatures between 25 degrees C and 90 degrees C by using five different cooling air flows (40 g/s, 42 g/s, 45 g/s, 61 g/s and 84 g/s), and two different heating powers (3 kW and 6 kW) for the evaporation section, to determine the heat removed from the condensation section. Experiments were performed for distilled water and Al2O3 nanofluid, respectively, and the results were compared with each other. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that using a nanofluid as the working fluid increased the efficiency of the heat pipe. The highest efficiency (eta = 59%) was obtained in the experiments carried out using an Al2O3 nanofluid at a heating power of 3 kW and an air flow of 112 g/s.This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Karabuk University. Project Number: "KBU-BAP-14/2-DR-018"

Determining spatial variability of penetration resistance and particle size distribution in sediment deposition

Erosion and sedimentation in dam reservoirs may result in both ecological and economic problems. That is why, besides its amount, it is important to know physical and chemical properties of sediment accumulated in reservoirs. Thus, it is possible to gather information regarding erosion and parameters affecting the erosion process in a watershed. Determining particle size distribution generally comes first when investigating physical properties of sediments. Despite similar texture formation, compaction degree of sediment layers increases due to repacking of particles with time. It is important to figure out compaction degree of sediment layers in accumulation sites and measuring penetration resistance is one of the techniques used mostly. This study was initiated in one of 9 sediment deposition sites determined along the Borcka Reservoir. Precipitation periods within the watershed of the reservoir and power generation cycles of the dam play an important role on the formation of these sedimentation sites. At the first stage of the study, lateral profile distribution and depth of sediment deposition were determined. Then, on sampling points, arranged by the grid system, penetration resistance was measured. In addition, disturbed sediment samples taken from the same sampling points at two depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) were analyzed for moisture and particle size distribution. Geostatistical analyses were used on these values in order to produce spatial variation maps while regression was used to assess relationships between parameters investigated in this study. Results indicated that there were significant differences between layers in respect to penetration resistance values and particle size of sediments and it was found out that spatial variation of penetration resistance closely related with particle size distribution

Privacy-preserving publishing of hierarchical data

Many applications today rely on storage and management of semi-structured information, for example, XML databases and document-oriented databases. These data often have to be shared with untrusted third parties, which makes individuals’ privacy a fundamental problem. In this article, we propose anonymization techniques for privacy-preserving publishing of hierarchical data. We show that the problem of anonymizing hierarchical data poses unique challenges that cannot be readily solved by existing mechanisms. We extend two standards for privacy protection in tabular data (k-anonymity and ℓ-diversity) and apply them to hierarchical data. We present utility-aware algorithms that enforce these definitions of privacy using generalizations and suppressions of data values. To evaluate our algorithms and their heuristics, we experiment on synthetic and real datasets obtained from two universities. Our experiments show that we significantly outperform related methods that provide comparable privacy guarantees

Determination of snow water equivalent (SWE) according to elevation and its importance for water resources in semi-humid region of Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine the altitudinal distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the north-east facing aspect of the basin of the Fabrika River in Artvin. Study sites were selected at four different altitudes, where a total of thirty snow samples were collected from each study site from the depth steps of 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm. As a result, the snow sample collected on February 21, 2008 at 1250 m altitude and from 5–10 cm depth was found to produce the highest SWE value while the snow sample collected on February 15, 2008 at 200 m altitude and from 0– 5 cm depth was found to produce the lowest SWE value. A strong relationship was detected between the SWE of the snow sample collected from 0–5 cm depth and the altitude of the sampling site. This relationship was formulated as: [R2= 0.94, SWE = 0.1328* (Altitude 0.687)], while this relationship was formulated as: R2= 0.928, SWE = 0.15 * (Altitude 0.6750)], in depth of 5–10 cm

Bedruddîn b. Mâlik ve belâgat ilmindeki yeri

Bedruddîn b. Mâlik, köklü devletlerin yıkılıp yeni devletlerin kurulduğu çalkantılı bir dönemde hayatını sürdürmüştür. Bununla beraber huzur ve istikrarından dolayı ikametgahı olan Dımaşk, belâgat başta olmak üzere ulemâ için çekim merkezi haline gelmiştir. Kadim medeniyetlerden de etkilendiğini düşündüğümüz Arap belâgatı, Câhiliye ve İslamiyet’in ilk dönemlerinde şiir ve hitabet gibi alanlarda kendini göstermeye başlamıştır. Abbâsî devletinin ilk döneminde değişik kültür ve medeniyetlerin etkileşimleri neticesinde Arap belâgatı, ivme kazanarak yazarın yaşadığı yüzyılda oluşum sürecini tamamlamıştır. Bu dönemde Bedruddîn b. Mâlik tarafından el-Misbâh fî ihtisâri’l-Miftâh isimli eser kaleme alınmıştır. Zaman ve zemin bakımından belâgat ilminin zirve yaptığı bir dönemin ürünü olan bu eser, kendinden önce kaleme alınan kaynaklarda geçen muhteviyatı toplayarak, daha sonra yazılanlara aktarmıştır. Belâgat ilminde adeta bir köprü görevi gören eser, bu münasebetle yazarın bu alandaki önemini de ortaya koymaktadır

Kirmâstî’nin “el-Muhtâr fi’l-Me‘ânî ve’l-Beyân” isimli eseri özelinde El-Muhassinât el-Ma‘neviyye Bedî‘î üsluplar

XV. yüzyılda yaşayan, Hocazâde Muslihuddin Efendi (öl. 893/1488) gibi dönemin âlimlerinden ders alan Yûsuf b. Hüseyin el-Kirmâstî (öl. 900/1494), Bursa’nın Kirmâst (Mustafakemalpaşa) ilçesindendir. II. Bâyezid (1481-1512) dönemi kadılarından olan Kirmâstî, İstanbul’da Kirmâstî adında bir medrese kurmuştur. Sahn-ı Semân başta olmak üzere dönemin farklı medreselerinde müderrislik yaptıktan sonra yargı alanına geçerek Bursa ve İstanbul’da kadılık vazifesini icra etmiştir. Kadılık görevi esnasında aldığı adil kararları ve cesaretli duruşundan dolayı II. Bâyezid’in takdirini kazanmıştır. İstanbul’da bir mescid, bir medrese bir de mektebi olduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak bu yapılar günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Memleketi Kirmâstî’de de bir mektebi olduğu bilinmektedir. Kirmâstî, 900/1494 yılında vefat etmiş ve Fatih Câmii’nde inşa ettiği mektebinin yanına defnedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada belâgat, bedî’, beyân, usûl, fıkıh, münâzara ve akâid gibi dönemin din ve dil ilimlerinde yetkin bir âlim olması hasebiyle Kirmâstî’nin günümüz akademik dünyasına yeni bir perspektifle yeniden takdim edilmesi ve el-Muhtâr fi’l-me‘ânî ve’l-beyân isimli eseri özelinde el-muhassinât el-ma‘neviyye bedî‘î üslupların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Böylece önem arz eden bu Osmanlı âlimi ve eserleri tanıtıldıktan sonra el-Muhtâr fi’l-me‘ânî ve’l-beyân” isimli eseri özelinde el-muhassinât elma‘ neviyye bedî‘î üsluplar incelenerek ilgililerin dikkatine sunulmuştur

Arap dilinde deve literatürü

Bilindiği üzere insanoğlunun yaşamı, önemli derecede coğrafi çevre koşullarına göre şekillenmektedir. İnsanoğlu, hayatını idame edebilmesi için yaşadığı coğrafya koşullarına ve doğa kanunlarına uyum sağlaması gerekmektedir. Böylece coğrafya, barındırdığı milletlere, renklerinden dillerine kadar maddi ve manevi olmak üzere tüm alanlarda yön çizmektedir. Yaşadığı coğrafyanın çöl olması ve bu coğrafyaya en uyumlu canlının deve olması hasebiyle Araplar için vazgeçilmez bir yaşam ikizi haline gelen deve, onların hayatlarını önemli ölçüde yönlendirmektedir. Deve ekonomi, ulaşım ve askeri gibi alanlarda Araplar üzerinde önemli değişim ve dönüşümlere yol açtığı gibi dil ve edebiyatlarında da büyük bir rol oynamaktadır. Deve, Arap klasik şiirinin önemli bir unsuru olduğu gibi ilk dönem Arap sözlük çalışmalarına da kaynaklık etmiştir. Bununla beraber Arap dili üzerinde önemli bir ölçüde devenin parmak izleri bulunmuştur. Araplar nezdinde tüm alanlarda olduğu gibi dil ve edebiyatları için de devenin müstesna bir yere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu öneme binaen devenin Arap literatürü açısından incelenmesi gerektiği düşüncesiyle kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmış ve siz değerli okuyucuların hizmetine sunulmuştur