Regulation of angiogenesis by junctional adhesion molecule-B and Olfactomedin-like-3

La présente thèse met en évidence l'implication de deux molécules que sont : JAM-B (Junctional Adhesion Molecule B) et OLFML-3 (Olfcatomedin-Like-3) dans l'angiogenèse physiologique et tumorale. JAM-B est exprimé dans les jonctions des cellules endothéliales et peut donc jouer un rôle dans l'adhésion des cellules endothéliales durant les processus angiogéniques. OLFML-3 est secrété par les cellules endothéliales et les cellules périvasculaires, OLFML-3 peut donc fonctionner comme un régulateur de l'homéostasie vasculaire. Le déroulement coordonné des processus angiogénique est essentiel pour la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins fonctionnels. Nous avons montré dans notre étude que le blocage de JAM-B avec des anticorps spécifiques induit une perturbation du processus angiogéniques et ceci via la perturbation de la signalisation VEGF, VEGFR2. Nous avons également montré que le blocage de OLFML-3 par des anticorps perturbe la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins fonctionnels et affecte également leur recouvrement par les cellules péri-vasculaires stabilisatrices

Immunological aspects of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory and metabolic disease that involves the collaboration of several cellular components of the immune system and results in thickening of the arterial wall. Atherosclerosis is also the primary cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases. A multitude of immune cell subsets, soluble molecules such as chemokines and cytokines, and circulating lipids play pivotal roles in atherosclerosis development. In this review, we highlight the role of the immune system in the course of atherosclerotic disease development and discuss the mechanisms involved

Targeting Olfactomedin-like 3 Inhibits Tumor Growth by Impairing Angiogenesis and Pericyte Coverage

Anti-angiogenic drugs have been used as anti-cancer agents to target tumor endothelial cells or pericytes. Due to limited efficacy of the current mono-therapies, there is a strong demand for dual targeting of endothelial cells and pericytes. Here, we identify Olfactomedin-like 3 (Olfml3) as a novel pro-angiogenic cue within the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-derived Olfml3 is produced by both tumor endothelial cells and accompanying pericytes and deposited in the peri-vascular compartment. Blockade of Olfml3 by anti-Olfml3 antibodies is highly effective in reducing tumor vascularization, pericyte coverage and tumor growth. In vitro, Olfml3 targeting is sufficient to inhibit endothelioma cell migration and sprouting. Olfml3 alone or through binding to BMP4 enhances the canonical SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathway required for BMP4-induced angiogenesis. Therefore, Olfml3 blockade provides a novel strategy to control tumor growth by targeting two distinct cell types within the tumor microenvironment using a single molecule

Thymic epithelial cell expansion through matricellular protein CYR61 boosts progenitor homing and T-cell output

Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) are heterogeneous stromal cells that generate microenvironments required for the formation of T cells within the thymus. Defects in TEC lead to immunodeficiency or autoimmunity. Here we identify TEC as the major source of cysteine-rich protein 61 (CYR61), a matricellular protein implicated in cell proliferation and migration. Binding of CYR61 to LFA-1, ICAM-1 and integrin α6 supports the adhesion of TEC and thymocytes as well as their interaction. Treatment of thymic lobes with recombinant CYR61 expands the stromal compartment by inducing the proliferation of TEC and activates Akt signalling. Engraftment of CYR61-overexpressing thymic lobes into athymic nude mice drastically boosts the yield of thymic output via expansion of TEC. This increases the space for the recruitment of circulating hematopoietic progenitors and the development of T cells. Our discovery paves the way for therapeutic interventions designed to restore thymus stroma and T-cell generation

Junctional adhesion molecule B interferes with angiogenic VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling

De novo formation of blood vessels is a pivotal mechanism during cancer development. During the past few years, antiangiogenic drugs have been developed to target tumor vasculature. However, because of limitations and adverse effects observed with current therapies, there is a strong need for alternative antiangiogenic strategies. Using specific anti-junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-B antibodies and Jam-b-deficient mice, we studied the role in antiangiogenesis of JAM-B. We found that antibodies against murine JAM-B, an endothelium-specific adhesion molecule, inhibited microvessel outgrowth from ex vivo aortic rings and in vitro endothelial network formation. In addition, anti-JAM-B antibodies blocked VEGF signaling, an essential pathway for angiogenesis. Moreover, increased aortic ring branching was observed in aortas isolated from Jam-b-deficient animals, suggesting that JAM-B negatively regulates proangiogenic pathways. In mice, JAM-B expression was detected in de novo-formed blood vessels of tumors, but anti-JAM-B antibodies unexpectedly did not reduce tumor growth. Accordingly, JAM-B deficiency in vivo had no impact on blood vessel formation, suggesting that targeting JAM-B in vivo may be offset by other proangiogenic mechanisms. In conclusion, despite the promising effects observed in vitro, targeting JAM-B during tumor progression seems to be inefficient as a stand-alone antiangiogenesis therapy.-Meguenani, M., Miljkovic-Licina, M., Fagiani, E., Ropraz, P., Hammel, P., Aurrand-Lions, M., Adams, R. H., Christofori, G., Imhof, B. A., Garrido-Urbani, S. Junctional adhesion molecule B interferes with angiogenic VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling