9 research outputs found
Bradford assay as a high-throughput bioanalytical screening method for conforming pathophysiological state of the animal
Proteins are the essential components of the tissues that play a key role in the body. Its expression in the cell or tissue under a specified set of conditions and at a particular time regulates the different body conditions either as a normal body function or as a disease state. Protein is an important building block of muscles, skin, cartilage, bones and blood. Bradford assay is a reliable advanced and cost-effective protein estimation test for determining the exact concentration of protein in different tissues of the animal. In this study, we have taken a rat suffering from protein deficiency disorder and total protein concentration in the heart, brain, liver, blood and kidney was determined. It was found that the total protein concentration in different tissues of rat i.e., heart, brain, liver, plasma and kidney was found to be 8.39 ± 0.75, 10.46 ± 0.76, 6.74 ± 0.39, 8.12 ± 0.32 mg/g of tissue and 61.27 ± 0.95 mg/mL of plasma respectively (mean ± SEM). As compared to earlier published reports the total protein concentration in different tissues like hear, brain, liver and kidney found much lower to standard value as reported by Beyer, the reason behind obtaining this kind of results may be due to the presence of insufficient amount of the protein content in different tissue of animal as suffering from protein degeneration disorder. The rat was unable to digest and store the protein or catabolism was much faster than
anabolism.
Keywords: Anabolism, Bradford assay, Catabolism, Protein estimation
Mitochondrial targeting theranostic nanomedicine and molecular biomarkers for efficient cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Mitochondria play a crucial part in the cell's ability to adapt to the changing microenvironments and their dysfunction is associated with an extensive array of illnesses, including cancer. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy. The objective of this article is to give an in-depth analysis of cancer treatment that targets the mitochondrial genome at the molecular level. Recent studies provide insights into nanomedicine techniques and theranostic nanomedicine for mitochondrial targeting. It also provides conceptual information on mitochondrial biomarkers for cancer treatment. Major drawbacks and challenges involved in mitochondrial targeting for advanced cancer therapy have also been discussed. There is a lot of evidence and reason to support using nanomedicine to focus on mitochondrial function. The development of a delivery system with increased selectivity and effectiveness is a prerequisite for a theranostic approach to cancer treatment. If given in large amounts, several new cancer-fighting medicines have been created that are toxic to healthy cells as well. For effective therapy, a new drug must be developed rather than an old one. When it comes to mitochondrial targeting therapy, theranostic techniques offer valuable insight
Theranostic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Related Diseases: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) being one of the most prevailing chronic diseases in the 21st century with a high mortality rate. Factors such as dietary intake, physical activity, and oxidative stress are the accelerator of CVDs. Although the exact etiology and pathophysiology are still complex subjects and heavily relied upon conventional medicines. Discrete non-invasive and non-surgical methodologies are being developed for the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. Although still in its initial stage, Nanomedicine is one such advancement capable of targeted therapy and has better efficacy and fewer side effects than conventional medicine. This review highlights the applications of nanomedicines in CVDs along with ongoing clinical research. Nanomedicine acts as a bridge towards CVDs amelioration and its management
GPIIb/IIIa Receptor Targeted Rutin Loaded Liposomes for Site-Specific Antithrombotic Effect
Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid obtained
from a natural source and is
reported for antithrombotic potential, but its delivery remains challenging
because of its poor solubility and bioavailability. In this research,
we have fabricated novel rutin loaded liposomes (RUT-LIPO, nontargeted),
liposomes conjugated with RGD peptide (RGD-RUT-LIPO, targeted), and
abciximab (ABX-RUT-LIPO, targeted) by ethanol injection method. The
particle size, ζ potential, and morphology of prepared liposomes
were analyzed by using DLS, SEM, and TEM techniques. The conjugation
of targeting moiety on the surface of targeted liposomes was confirmed
by XPS analysis and Bradford assay. In vitro assessment
such as blood clot assay, aPTT assay, PT assay, and platelet aggregation
analysis was performed using human blood which showed the superior
antithrombotic potential of ABX-RUT-LIPO and RGD-RUT-LIPO liposomes.
The clot targeting efficiency was evaluated by in vitro imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. A significant (P < 0.05) rise in the affinity of targeted liposomes
toward activated platelets was demonstrated that revealed their remarkable
potential in inhibiting thrombus formation. Furthermore, an in vivo study executed on Sprague Dawley rats (FeCl3 model) demonstrated improved antithrombotic activity of RGD-RUT-LIPO
and ABX-RUT-LIPO compared with pure drug. The pharmacokinetic study
performed on rats demonstrates the increase in bioavailability when
administered as liposomal formulation as compared to RUT. Moreover,
the tail bleeding assay and clotting time study (Swiss Albino mice)
indicated a better antithrombotic efficacy of targeted liposomes than
control preparations. Additionally, biocompatibility of liposomal
formulations was determined by an in vitro hemolysis
study and cytotoxicity assay, which showed that they were hemocompatible
and safe for human use. A histopathology study on rats suggested no
severe toxicity of prepared liposomal formulations. Thus, RUT encapsulated
nontargeted and targeted liposomes exhibited superior antithrombotic
potential over RUT and could be used as a promising carrier for future
use
Bimetallic Au–Ag Nanoparticles: Advanced Nanotechnology for Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
To date, there are no antimicrobial agents available in the market that have absolute control over the growing threat of bacterial strains. The increase in the production capacity of antibiotics and the growing antibacterial resistance of bacteria have majorly affected a variety of businesses and public health. Bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with two separate metals have been found to have stronger antibacterial potential than their monometallic versions. This enhanced antibacterial efficiency of bimetallic nanoparticles is due to the synergistic effect of their participating monometallic counterparts. To distinguish between bacteria and mammals, the existence of diverse metal transport systems and metalloproteins is necessary for the use of bimetallic Au–Ag NPs, just like any other metal NPs. Due to their very low toxicity toward human cells, these bimetallic NPs, particularly gold–silver NPs, might prove to be an effective weapon in the arsenal to beat emerging drug-resistant bacteria. The cellular mechanism of bimetallic nanoparticles for antibacterial activity consists of cell membrane degradation, disturbance in homeostasis, oxidative stress, and the production of reactive oxygen species. The synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles can be performed by a bottom-up and top-down strategy. The bottom-up technique generally includes sol-gel, chemical vapor deposition, green synthesis, and co-precipitation methods, whereas the top-down technique includes the laser ablation method. This review highlights the key prospects of the cellular mechanism, synthesis process, and antibacterial capabilities against a wide range of bacteria. Additionally, we also discussed the role of Au–Ag NPs in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection and wound healing