21 research outputs found
Potential of different common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) buckwheat accessions to sustainably manage surrounding weeds
Twenty-nine accessions of two buckwheat species (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (common buckwheat) and Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. (Tartary buckwheat) were evaluated for their allelopathic potential against two resistant weeds, the monocot Lolium rigidum Gaud. and the dicot Portulaca oleracea L. The bulking use of synthetic herbicides and their consequent contamination of the environment and resulting increment of herbicide-resistant weeds, imminently requires a solution to achieve sustainable weed management without chemical inputs. The results obtained in this study suggest that buckwheat accessions can sustainably manage weeds through plant interference as competition or allelopathy. This research showed that accessions differ in their potential for sustainably managing both weeds with F. esculentum accessions being more effective against L. rigidum and F. tataricum accessions against both, monocot and dicot weeds. The chemical profile of buckwheat accessions was evaluated to know the content of polyphenols in common and Tartary buckwheat accessions and to know more about their ability to manage weeds sustainably. Differences in the chemical profile between the two buckwheat species were clear. While common buckwheat accessions showed more orientin, vitexin and hyperoside, Tartary buckwheat accessions had higher amounts of rutin, quercetin and kaempferol. We propose that the screening and selection of accessions with strong polyphenol content and vigorous growth can be a step towards organic farming due to its relation to the weed management.Universidade de Vigo/CISU
DIVERSITY OF THE SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUG NEZARA VIRIDULA (L.) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
The southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is a global pest of considerable
ecological, agricultural and economical interest. The ancestral home of this species is supposed to be Africa and/or
Mediterranean and presumably it was spread worldwide during the last two centuries with human trade and
agriculture. Bugs found today on different continents do not differ morphologically, however there are substantial
differences in their mating behaviour. We used horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to determine the suitability of
biochemical markers for assessment of genetic variation between geographically isolated populations of N.
viridula. The initial survey of populations from Slovenia, France, French West Indies and Brazil resulted in the
resolution of polymorphic banding patterns within the following enzyme systems: GPI, IDH, MDH, ME, MPI and
PGM. Results indicate there are consistent differences among tested populations
Aging affects the phase coherence between spontaneous oscillations in brain oxygenation and neural activity
The risk of neurodegenerative disorders increases with age, due to reduced vascular nutrition and impaired neural function. However, the interactions between cardiovascular dynamics and neural activity, and how these interactions evolve in healthy aging, are not well understood. Here, the interactions are studied by assessment of the phase coherence between spontaneous oscillations in cerebral oxygenation measured by fNIRS, the electrical activity of the brain measured by EEG, and cardiovascular functions extracted from ECG and respiration effort, all simultaneously recorded. Signals measured at rest in 21 younger participants (31.1Ā±6.9 years) and 24 older participants (64.9Ā±6.9 years) were analysed by wavelet transform, wavelet phase coherence and ridge extraction for frequencies between 0.007 and 4 Hz. Coherence between the neural and oxygenation oscillations at ā¼0.1 Hz is significantly reduced in the older adults in 46/176 fNIRSEEG probe combinations. This reduction in coherence cannot be accounted for in terms of reduced power, thus indicating that neurovascular interactions change with age. The approach presented promises a noninvasive means of evaluating the efficiency of the neurovascular unit in aging and disease
The INCREASE project: Intelligent Collections of foodālegume genetic resources for European agrofood systems
Food legumes are crucial for all agriculture-related societal challenges, including climate change mitigation, agrobiodiversity conservation, sustainable agriculture, food security and human health. The transition to plant-based diets, largely based on food legumes, could present major opportunities for adaptation and mitigation, generating significant co-benefits for human health. The characterization, maintenance and exploitation of food-legume genetic resources, to date largely unexploited, form the core development of both sustainable agriculture and a healthy food system. INCREASE will implement, on chickpea (Cicer arietinum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentil (Lens culinaris) and lupin (Lupinus albus and L. mutabilis), a new approach to conserve, manage and characterize genetic resources. Intelligent Collections, consisting of nested core collections composed of single-seed descent-purified accessions (i.e., inbred lines), will be developed, exploiting germplasm available both from genebanks and on-farm and subjected to different levels of genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Phenotyping and gene discovery activities will meet, via a participatory approach, the needs of various actors, including breeders, scientists, farmers and agri-food and non-food industries, exploiting also the power of massive metabolomics and transcriptomics and of artificial intelligence and smart tools. Moreover, INCREASE will test, with a citizen science experiment, an innovative system of conservation and use of genetic resources based on a decentralized approach for data management and dynamic conservation. By promoting the use of food legumes, improving their quality, adaptation and yield and boosting the competitiveness of the agriculture and food sector, the INCREASE strategy will have a major impact on economy and society and represents a case study of integrative and participatory approaches towards conservation and exploitation of crop genetic resources
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF ACTIVITY OF SERINE PROTEASES ACCOMPANY THE EXPOSURE OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) TO WATER DEFICIT
A wide variety of proteolytic enzymes exist in plants. On their levels depends protein turnover, a fundamental component in plant development and adaptation to environmental conditions. Cysteine proteases have frequently been reported to be influenced by drought, but only a few serine proteases (SP), among them the trypsin-like enzyme and two aminopeptidases from bean leaves (Bartels and Sunkar, 2005; Hieng et al., 2004). Our starting point was to identify proteolytic activities assigned to SPs that change with drought and then to characterize the corresponding proteases. A quantitative, analytical one-step method was used to separate endopeptidases and aminopeptidases active against a range of substrates in leaf extracts of plants grown in the field (FC). The influence of drought was determined for those of these activities which were confirmed as SPs, based on their inhibition by specific inhibitors. Under water deficit in plants grown under controlled conditions (CC) their levels changed in different ways. The levels of SP activities in FC plants, observed during a period of relative drought, were similar to those measured in mildly stressed CC plants. The partial characterisations of some of these SPs will be presented. Our results point to a number of roles for different SPs in the plant response to water stress, which could range from enhanced protein turnover to limited proteolysis at specific sites
Analiza mitohondrijalne DNK kod medonosnih pÄela (Apis mellifera) iz Srbije
In this study mitochondrial DNA of the indigenous honey bee populations from Serbia was analysed. Three ecotypes were comprised in the investigation: Banat (B), Syenichko-Peshterski (S) and Timok (T). The results show that all investigated samples of honey bees from Serbia belong to one mtDNA haplotype of the C phylogenetic lineage, previously designated as C2D haplotype, though with three additional polymorphic sites. For the novel mtDNA haplotype, the designation C2E is proposed. The novel C2E haplotype differs from C2D in two A-T transversions and in one insertion. Moreover, within the T honey bee ecotype, two additional polymorphic sites were observed; a deletion of a T nucleotide and a T-C transition. Our results suggest that the Carniolan honey bee populations from Serbia may represent an indigenous gene pool within A. m. carnica. The mtDNA haplotype (C2D), previously found in A. m. macedonica, was found in all samples of Serbian A. m. carnica. This suggests that the C2D haplotype may be found within both subspecies. This study represents the first effort to characterize the indigenous honey bee populations in Serbia using molecular techniques with the objective of improving our understanding of the phylogeography of Apis mellifera.U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati analize mitohondrijalne DNK autohtonih populacija medonosne pÄele iz Srbije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo tri ekotipa: Banatski (B), SjeniÄko-PeÅ”terski (S) i TimoÄki (T). Rezultati ukazuju da svi ispitivani uzorci medonosne pÄele iz Srbije pripadaju jednom mtDNK haplotipu C filogenetske linije, ranije oznaÄenom kao C2D haplotip, mada sa tri polimorfna mesta viÅ”e. Za novi mtDNK haplotip predložena je oznaka C2E. Novi C2E haplotip razlikuje se od C2D haplotipa u dve A-T transverzije i jednoj inserciji. Osim toga, u okviru T ekotipa medonosne pÄele uoÄena su joÅ” dva polimorfna mesta, delecija nukleotida T i T-C tranzicija. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da populacije kranjske medonosne pÄele iz Srbije mogu pretstavljati autohtoni genski pul u okviru podvrste A. m. carnica. Mitohondrijalni DNK haplotip C2D, koji je prethodno opisan kod A. m. macedonica, utvrÄen je u svim uzorcima A. m. carnica iz Srbije. Ovakav nalaz sugerise da C2D haplotip može postojati kod obe podvrste. Ovaj rad predstavlja prvi pokuÅ”aj da se obavi karakterizacija autohtonih populacija medonosne pÄele u Srbiji primenom molekularnih tehnika, a u cilju boljeg razumevanja filogeografije vrste Apis mellifera
The effect of different type of cytoplasm on seed fractions in maize inbred lines
U proizvodnji hibridnog semena kukuruza najvažniji zadatak je
proizvodnja kvalitetnog semenskog materijala, kao visina i stabilnost
prinosa. Visina prinosa zavisi od genetiÄkog potencijala za prinos,
dok stabilnost prinosa zavisi od sposobnosti reagovanja hibrida na
uslove sredine. Stabilnost u postizanju oÄekivanog prinosa jedna je
od najpoželjnijih osobina da bi genotip bio preporuÄen kao hibrid za
Ŕiroko gajenje. U ovim istraživanjima se polazi od pretpostavke da se
prouÄavani hibrid kukuruza, razliÄit procenat uÄeÅ”Äa fertilnih biljaka
razliÄito ponaÅ”aju na promene faktora spoljaÅ”nje sredine, Äime
ispoljavaju i razliÄitu stabilnost prinosa. Na osnovu te pretpostavke,
oÄekuje se izdvajanje razliÄitih nivoa fertilnih biljaka Äiji prinos
najmanje varira pod uticajem promena spoljaŔnje sredine. Cilj rada
bio je da se izvrŔi procena stabilnosti prinosa zrna po Eberhart-u i
Russell-u (1966). Parametri stabilnosti (koeficijent - bi i standardna
greŔka regresije - S2di) su pokazali koji odnos sterilne i fertilne
varijante hibrida je ostvario najveÄu stabilnost, odnosno koji su
najbolje reagovali na povoljne, tj. nepovoljne uslove spoljne sredine.
Kod najstabilnijeg hibrida utvrÄeno je uÄeÅ”Äe od 25% fertilnih biljaka
(bi - 1,000), dok je kod hibrida sa 60% uÄeÅ”Äa fertilnosti bolje
reagovao na povoljne uslove gajenja (bi - 1,326), a genotip koji je
bolje reagovao na loÅ”ije uslove spoljne sredine imao je 10% uÄeÅ”Äa
fertilnih biljaka (bi - 0,791).In the production of hybrid maize seed, the most important task is to
produce high-quality seed material and to provide high and stable
yields. Yield depends on genetic potential of yielding, while stability
depends on ability of hybrids to respond to environmental conditions.
Stability in achieving expected yield is one of the most favourable
traits for a genotype to be recommended as a hybrid for wide
cultivation. The starting point in these studies was that observed
maize hybrid and different percentage of share of fertile plants would
differently respond to changes in the environmental factors, whereby
yield stability would differ. Based on this assumption, the
distinguishable levels of fettilie plants whose yields vary the least
under envoronmental conditions were expected. The aim was to
estimate grain yield stability after Eberhart and Russell (1966). The
stability parameters (coefficient - bi and standard error of regression
- S2di) point out to which ratio of sterile to fertile variant of the hybrid
had the highest stability, i.e. which variants responded best to
favourable, i.e. unfavourable environmental conditions. The share of
fertile plants in the most stable hybrid was 25% (bi - 1.000) while a
hybrid with 60% fertility responded better to favourable growing
conditions (bi - 1.326). A genotype that responded better to
unfavourable environmental conditions had 10% of fertile plants (bi -
0.791)
Not Available
Not AvailableOut of several thousand known edible plant species, only four crops-rice, wheat, maize and potato provide the largest proportion of daily nutrition to billions of people. While these crops are the primary supplier of carbohydrates, they lack essential amino acids and minerals for a balanced nutrition. The overdependence on only few crops makes the future cropping systems vulnerable to the predicted climate change. Diversifying food resources through incorporation of orphan or minor crops in modern cropping systems is one potential strategy to improve the nutritional security and mitigate the hostile weather patterns. One such crop is buckwheat, which can contribute to the agricultural sustainability as it grows in a wide range of environments, requires relatively low inputs and possess balanced amino acid and micronutrient profles. Additionally, gluten-free nature of protein and nutraceutical properties of secondary metabolites make the crop a healthy alternative of wheat-based diet in developed countries. Despite enormous potential, eforts for the genetic improvement of buckwheat are considerably lagged behind the conventional cereal crops. With the draft genome sequences in hand, there is a great scope to speed up the progress of genetic improvement of buckwheat. This article outlines the state of the art in buckwheat research and provides concrete perspectives how modern breeding approaches can be implemented to accelerate the genetic gain. Our suggestions are transferable to many minor and underutilized crops to address the issue of limited genetic gain and low productivity.Not Availabl