Parents’ experiences of having an excessively crying baby and implications for enhancing support services

Evidence suggests that around 20% of healthy babies cry for long periods without apparent reason, causing significant distress to parents and a range of adverse outcomes. This study explored parents' experiences of having an excessively crying baby and their suggestions for improved NHS support. Focus groups and interviews with 20 parents identified three key themes: disrupted expectations and experiences of parenthood; stigma and social isolation; seeking support and validation of experience. Parents experienced shock, anxiety and a sense of failure, leading to self-imposed isolation and a reluctance to seek help. Other people's reactions sometimes reinforced their feelings. Parents need more support, including from health professionals, to cope with excessive crying, and recommendations for this support are given

Area specific resistance of oxide scales grown on ferritic alloys for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects

Planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are considered to be power generators with high efficiency and low emission at small power units (1-200kWel). Many prototype systems are already successfully realized. For mass production the costs have to be reduced and the long-term stability has to be enhanced. Power losses less-than 0.5%/1000h is the target value for stacks in stationary SOFC-based power systems. To reach this goal, the factors influencing degradation have to be found and reduced. In this work the interaction between interconnect and different ceramic materials such as perovskites (La0.8Sr0.2(Mn,Co)O3, La0.65Sr0.3MnO3, La0.65Sr0.3(Mn,Co)O3) and spinels (Mn(Co,Fe)O4, (Cu,Ni)Mn2O4) was investigated on the cathode (air) side of conventional ferritic interconnect materials (CroFer22APU, ITMLC, ZMG232L). The method to determine the value of the area specific resistance between interconnect and contact layer (R ICC) within a tolerance of 10% has been developed to provide reliable data for ASR values and their degradation.The R ICC-value increases with annealing time. The degree of this increase depends on used materials and their combination. The spinel contact layers form a thin dense ceramic layer at the beginning of the annealing process. This layer reduces the oxidation rate of the alloy. Because of this protection layer a thinner oxide scale grows and the ASR aging rate is much lower (0.4-0.9m Omega cm2/1000h). The comparison of the aging rates of different alloys with La0.8Sr0.2(Mn,Co)O3 contact layer reveals remarkable differences: 3.1m Omega cm2/1000h for CroFer22APU, 10.9m Omega cm2/1000h for ITMLC and 21.2m Omega cm2/1000h for ZMG232L.The degradation in a stack has been determined from the R ICC-values and geometric factors. The impact of oxidation at the cathode side of interconnect is about one third of the total stack degradation. The method opens the possibility for comparing area specific resistances of special material combinations with high accuracy. By optimized material combinations the degradation in stacks can be reduced to less-than 0.5%/1000h