Bowhead and Gray Whale Distributions, Sighting Rates, and Habitat Associations in the Eastern Chukchi Sea, Summer and Fall 2009–15, with a Retrospective Comparison to 1982–91

We analyzed data from line-transect aerial surveys for marine mammals conducted in the eastern Chukchi Sea (67˚–72˚ N, 157˚–169˚ W) in July to October of 2009–15 to investigate bowhead and gray whale distributions, behaviors, sighting rates, and habitat selection preferences, the last of which allowed direct comparison with results from data collected in this area in 1982–91. Bowhead whales use the eastern Chukchi Sea primarily for migrating between the Beaufort Sea and the Bering Sea, while gray whales use the area to feed on locally abundant benthic amphipods and other prey. Bowhead whales were observed during all survey months and were distributed up to 300 km offshore west and southwest of Point Barrow, Alaska, but without a defined migratory corridor in either summer (July-August) or fall (September-October). Bowhead whale sighting rates (whales per km on effort) were highest in the shelf/trough (51–200 m North) depth zone in the northeastern Chukchi Sea in both summer and fall. This pattern was reflected in habitat selection ratios, which found bowhead whales in summer and fall selecting primarily shelf/trough habitat in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, with shelf habitat (36 – 50 m) being preferred secondarily. Gray whales were observed in all survey months and were distributed primarily within ~95 km of shore between Point Barrow and Icy Cape in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, and about 60–115 km southwest of Point Hope in the southern Chukchi Sea. In both summer and fall, gray whale sighting rates and habitat selection ratios were highest in the shelf/trough (51–200 m South) depth zone in the southern Chukchi Sea. In the northeastern part of the study area, gray whale sighting rates and habitat selection ratios both identified coastal habitat (≤ 35 m) as preferred habitat in summer and shelf/trough (51–200 m North) as preferred habitat in fall. Distribution and habitat associations of bowhead and gray whales remained similar over the 34-year time span with one exception: gray whale preference for shelf/trough habitat in the southern Chukchi Sea is now evident throughout summer and fall, whereas three decades ago gray whale preference for that area was limited to fall only.Nous avons analysé les données provenant de levés aériens par transects linéaires à l’égard de mammifères marins, levés effectués dans l’est de la mer des Tchouktches (67˚–72˚ N, 157˚–169˚ O) d’octobre à juillet 2009 à 2015 afin de prélever des données sur la répartition des baleines boréales et des baleines grises, sur leurs comportements, sur leurs taux d’observation et sur leurs préférences en matière d’habitat. Ce dernier élément nous a permis de faire des comparaisons directes avec les résultats de la collecte de données effectuée dans cette région entre 1982 et 1991. Les baleines boréales se servent principalement de l’est de la mer des Tchouktches pour migrer entre la mer de Beaufort et la mer de Béring, tandis que les baleines grises empruntent cette région pour se nourrir des amphipodes benthiques qui y abondent ainsi que d’autres proies. Des baleines boréales ont été observées pendant tous les mois visés par les levés, et celles-ci étaient réparties sur une distance allant jusqu’à 300 km au large, à l’ouest et au sud-ouest de Point Barrow, en Alaska, sans toutefois emprunter un couloir migratoire particulier à l’été (juillet et août) ou à l’automne (septembre et octobre). Les taux d’observation de baleines boréales (nombre de baleines par km à l’effort) étaient plus élevés dans la zone de profondeur de plateformes et de dépressions (de 51 à 200 m nord) faisant partie du nord-est de la mer des Tchouktches, tant à l’été qu’à l’automne. Cette tendance se reflète dans les rapports de sélection d’habitats, selon lesquels les baleines boréales choisissent principalement, l’été et l’automne, un habitat de plateformes et de dépressions dans le nord-est de la mer des Tchouktches, l’habitat des plateformes (de 36 à 50 m) constituant une préférence secondaire. Des baleines grises ont été observées pendant tous les mois visés par les levés. Elles se répartissaient principalement à l’intérieur de ~95 km de la côte, entre Point Barrow et Icy Cape, dans le nord-est de la mer des Tchouktches, et à environ 60 à 115 km au sud-ouest de Point Hope, dans le sud de la mer des Tchouktches. Tant à l’été qu’à l’automne, les taux d’observation et les rapports de sélection d’habitats des baleines grises étaient à leur point le plus élevé dans la zone de profondeur des plateformes et des dépressions (de 51 à 200 m sud) du sud de la mer des Tchouktches. Dans le secteur nord-est de la région visée par l’étude, les taux d’observation et les ratios de sélection d’habitats des baleines grises ont tous deux permis d’affirmer que l’habitat côtier (≤ 35 m) était l’habitat préféré pendant l’été, et que l’habitat des plateformes et des dépressions (de 51 à 200 m nord) était l’habitat préféré à l’automne. Les associations en matière de répartition et d’habitat des baleines boréales et des baleines grises sont demeurées semblables au cours de la période de 34 ans, à une exception près : la préférence de la baleine grise pour l’habitat des plateformes et des dépressions dans le sud de la mer des Tchouktches est maintenant évidente à l’été et à l’automne, tandis qu’il y a trois décennies, la préférence de la baleine grise pour cet habitat se limitait à l’automne

Finding middle ground between intellectual arrogance and intellectual servility: Development and assessment of the limitations-owning intellectual humility scale

Recent scholarship in intellectual humility (IH) has attempted to provide deeper understanding of the virtue as personality trait and its impact on an individual's thoughts, beliefs, and actions. A limitations-owning perspective of IH focuses on a proper recognition of the impact of intellectual limitations and a motivation to overcome them, placing it as the mean between intellectual arrogance and intellectual servility. We developed the Limitations-Owning Intellectual Humility Scale to assess this conception of IH with related personality constructs. In Studies 1 (n= 386) and 2 (n = 296), principal factor and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a three-factor model – owning one's intellectual limitations, appropriate discomfort with intellectual limitations, and love of learning. Study 3 (n = 322) demonstrated strong test-retest reliability of the measure over 5 months, while Study 4 (n = 612) revealed limitations-owning IH correlated negatively with dogmatism, closed-mindedness, and hubristic pride and positively with openness, assertiveness, authentic pride. It also predicted openness and closed-mindedness over and above education, social desirability, and other measures of IH. The limitations-owning understanding of IH and scale allow for a more nuanced, spectrum interpretation and measurement of the virtue, which directs future study inside and outside of psychology

Bowhead and Beluga Whale Distributions, Sighting Rates, and Habitat Associations in the Western Beaufort Sea in Summer and Fall 2009–16, with Comparison to 1982–91

We analyzed data from line-transect aerial surveys for marine mammals conducted in the western Beaufort Sea (shore to 72˚ N, 140˚–157˚ W) from July to October of 2009–16 to investigate the distribution, behaviors, sighting rates, and habitat use preferences of bowhead and beluga whales. The habitat use data allowed for direct comparison with data collected in the same area from 1982 to 1991. Both species are ice-adapted, migrating through leads in sea ice in spring, and are seasonal inhabitants of the western Beaufort Sea during summer and fall. From 2009 to 2016, bowheads were seen in all survey months, with the highest overall sighting rate (whales per km) in August. Bowhead sighting rates were highest in the whales’ preferred habitats: outer shelf habitat (51–200 m depth) in July and inner shelf-shallow habitat (≤ 20 m depth) in August, September, and October. Beluga whales were also seen in all survey months, with highest overall sighting rate in July. Beluga whales were overwhelmingly associated with continental slope habitat (201–2000 m depth) in all months. Bowhead distribution and depth preferences in summer months of 2009–16 differed from those observed in 1982–91, when bowheads were not seen during limited survey effort in July and preferred outer continental shelf habitat in August. These differences indicate that bowhead whale preference for shallow shelf habitat now occurs earlier in summer than it used to. Beluga distribution and depth preference remained similar between 1982–91 and 2009–16, with strong preference for continental slope during both periods. Differences in sea ice cover habitat association for both species are likely due more to the relative lack of sea ice in recent years compared to the earlier period than to shifts in habitat preference. Habitat partitioning between bowhead and beluga whales in the western Beaufort Sea remained evident except in July, when both species used continental slope habitat. In July – October 2009–16, the distribution, sighting rates, and behavior of both bowheads and belugas in the western Beaufort showed considerable interannual variation, which underscores the importance of annual sampling to accurate records of the complex western Beaufort Sea ecosystem.Nous avons analysé les données découlant de levés aériens de transects linéaires pour mammifères marins, levés effectués dans l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort (de la rive jusqu’à 72˚ N, et de 140˚ jusqu’à 157˚ O) de juillet à octobre 2009 à 2016. Ces levés avaient pour but d’étudier la distribution, les comportements, les taux d’observation ainsi que les préférences d’utilisation de l’habitat des baleines boréales et des bélugas. Les données relatives à l’utilisation de l’habitat ont permis d’établir des comparaisons directes avec les données recueillies dans le même secteur de 1982 à 1991. Ces deux espèces sont adaptées à la glace, migrent par des chenaux formés dans la glace de mer au printemps et sont des habitants saisonniers de l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort pendant l’été et l’automne. Entre 2009 et 2016, des baleines boréales ont été aperçues pendant tous les mois visés par les levés, le taux d’observation général le plus élevé (nombre de baleines par km) ayant été enregistré au mois d’août. Les taux d’observation des baleines boréales étaient les plus élevés dans les habitats préférés de ces baleines, soit l’habitat de la plateforme externe (de 51 m à 200 m de profondeur) en juillet et l’habitat de la plateforme interne peu profonde (≤ 20 m de profondeur) en août, en septembre et en octobre. Des bélugas ont également été aperçus pendant tous les mois visés par les levés, le taux d’observation général le plus élevé ayant été enregistré en juillet. Les bélugas étaient massivement associés à l’habitat de la pente continentale (de 201 m à 2 000 m de profondeur) pendant tous les mois. La distribution et les préférences de profondeur des baleines boréales pendant les mois d’été 2009 à 2016 différaient de celles observées de 1982 à 1991, lorsque les baleines boréales n’ont pas été aperçues dans le cadre des quelques levés qui ont été effectués en juillet et préféraient leur habitat de la plateforme continentale externe en août. Ces différences indiquent que la préférence des baleines boréales pour l’habitat de la plateforme peu profonde se manifeste maintenant plus tôt l’été qu’auparavant. De 1982 à 1991 et de 2009 à 2016, la distribution des bélugas et leur préférence de profondeur sont restées semblables, avec une préférence marquée pour la pente continentale pendant les deux périodes. Pour les deux espèces, les différences sur le plan de l’association de la couverture de glace marine sont vraisemblablement davantage attribuables au manque relatif de glace de mer ces dernières années comparativement à la période précédente plutôt qu’à une variation de la préférence de l’habitat. Dans l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort, la séparation de l’habitat entre les baleines boréales et les bélugas demeurait évidente, sauf en juillet, quand les deux espèces utilisaient l’habitat de la pente continentale. De juillet à octobre 2009 à 2016, la distribution, les taux d’observation et le comportement des baleines boréales et des bélugas dans l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort ont affiché une variation considérable d’une année à l’autre, ce qui fait ressortir l’importance de faire des échantillonnages annuels afin d’obtenir des données précises au sujet de l’écosystème complexe de l’ouest de la mer de Beaufort

Optimisation Modelling to Assess Cost of Dietary Improvement in Remote Aboriginal Australia

BackgroundThe cost and dietary choices required to fulfil nutrient recommendations defined nationally, need investigation, particularly for disadvantaged populations.ObjectiveWe used optimisation modelling to examine the dietary change required to achieve nutrient requirements at minimum cost for an Aboriginal population in remote Australia, using where possible minimally-processed whole foods.DesignA twelve month cross-section of population-level purchased food, food price and nutrient content data was used as the baseline. Relative amounts from 34 food group categories were varied to achieve specific energy and nutrient density goals at minimum cost while meeting model constraints intended to minimise deviation from the purchased diet.ResultsSimultaneous achievement of all nutrient goals was not feasible. The two most successful models (A & B) met all nutrient targets except sodium (146.2% and 148.9% of the respective target) and saturated fat (12.0% and 11.7% of energy). Model A was achieved with 3.2% lower cost than the baseline diet (which cost approximately AUD$13.01/person/day) and Model B at 7.8% lower cost but with a reduction in energy of 4.4%. Both models required very large reductions in sugar sweetened beverages (−90%) and refined cereals (−90%) and an approximate four-fold increase in vegetables, fruit, dairy foods, eggs, fish and seafood, and wholegrain cereals.ConclusionThis modelling approach suggested population level dietary recommendations at minimal cost based on the baseline purchased diet. Large shifts in diet in remote Aboriginal Australian populations are needed to achieve national nutrient targets. The modeling approach used was not able to meet all nutrient targets at less than current food expenditure

Patient-Reported Outcomes in Male and Female Collegiate Soccer Players During an Athletic Season

Context: Clinicians are urged to document patient-based outcomes during rehabilitation to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) from the patient\u27s perspective. It is unclear how scores on patient-reported outcome instruments (PROs) vary over the course of an athletic season because of normal athletic participation. Objective: Our primary purpose was to evaluate the effect of administration time point on HRQOL during an athletic season. Secondary purposes were to determine test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores of 3 PROs commonly used in clinical practice and if a relationship exists between generic and region-specific outcome instruments. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Athletic facility. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-three collegiate soccer athletes (11 men, 12 women). Main Outcome Measure(s): At 5 time points over a spring season, we administered the Disablement in the Physically Active Scale (DPA), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sport, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Results: Time effects were observed for the DPA (P = .011) and KOOS Quality of Life subscale (P = .027). However, the differences between individual time points did not surpass the minimal detectable change for the DPA, and no post hoc analyses were significant for the KOOS-Quality of Life subscale. Test-retest reliability was moderate for the KOOS-Pain subscale (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71) and good for the remaining KOOS subscales, DPA, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sport (intraclass correlation coefficients \u3e 0.79). The DPA and KOOS-Sport subscale demonstrated a significant moderate relationship (P = .018). Conclusions: Athletic participation during a nontraditional, spring soccer season did not affect HRQOL. All 3 PROs were reliable and could be used clinically to monitor changes in health status throughout an athletic season. Our results demonstrate that significant deviations in scores were related to factors other than participation, such as injury. Finally, both generic and region-specific instruments should be used in clinical practice

Spatiotemporal variability in dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 70% of the global burden of dengue disease occurs on the Asian continent, where many large urban centres provide optimal environments for sustained endemic transmission and periodic epidemic cycles. Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is a densely populated megacity with hyperendemic dengue transmission. Characterization of the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue transmission intensity is of key importance for optimal implementation of novel control and prevention programmes, including vaccination. In this paper we use mathematical models to provide the first detailed description of spatial and temporal variability in dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We applied catalytic models in a Bayesian framework to age-stratified dengue case notification data to estimate dengue force of infection and reporting probabilities in 42 subdistricts of Jakarta. The model was fitted to yearly and average annual data covering a 10-year period between 2008 and 2017. We estimated a long-term average annual transmission intensity of 0.130 (95%CrI: 0.129-0.131) per year in Jakarta province, ranging from 0.090 (95%CrI: 0.077-0.103) to 0.164 (95%CrI: 0.153-0.174) across subdistricts. Annual average transmission intensity in Jakarta province during the 10-year period ranged from 0.012 (95%CrI: 0.011-0.013) in 2017 to 0.124 (95%CrI: 0.121-0.128) in 2016. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: While the absolute number of dengue case notifications cannot be relied upon as a measure of endemicity, the age-distribution of reported dengue cases provides valuable insights into the underlying nature of transmission. Our estimates from yearly and average annual case notification data represent the first detailed estimates of dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta's subdistricts. These will be important to consider when assessing the population-level impact and cost-effectiveness of potential control and prevention programmes in Jakarta province, such as the controlled release of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes and vaccination

Repurposing tofacitinib as an anti-myeloma therapeutic to reverse growth-promoting effects of the bone marrow microenvironment.

The myeloma bone marrow microenvironment promotes proliferation of malignant plasma cells and resistance to therapy. Activation of JAK/STAT signaling is thought to be a central component of these microenvironment-induced phenotypes. In a prior drug repurposing screen, we identified tofacitinib, a pan-JAK inhibitor Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for rheumatoid arthritis, as an agent that may reverse the tumor-stimulating effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Herein, we validated in vitro, in stromal-responsive human myeloma cell lines, and in vivo, in orthotopic disseminated xenograft models of myeloma, that tofacitinib showed efficacy in myeloma models. Furthermore, tofacitinib strongly synergized with venetoclax in coculture with bone marrow stromal cells but not in monoculture. Surprisingly, we found that ruxolitinib, an FDA approved agent targeting JAK1 and JAK2, did not lead to the same anti-myeloma effects. Combination with a novel irreversible JAK3-selective inhibitor also did not enhance ruxolitinib effects. Transcriptome analysis and unbiased phosphoproteomics revealed that bone marrow stromal cells stimulate a JAK/STAT-mediated proliferative program in myeloma cells, and tofacitinib reversed the large majority of these pro-growth signals. Taken together, our results suggest that tofacitinib reverses the growth-promoting effects of the tumor microenvironment. As tofacitinib is already FDA approved, these results can be rapidly translated into potential clinical benefits for myeloma patients

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field

This paper presents the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), a one million second exposure of an 11 square minute-of-arc region in the southern sky with the Hubble Space Telescope. The exposure time was divided among four filters, F435W (B435), F606W (V606), F775W (i775), and F850LP (z850), to give approximately uniform limiting magnitudes mAB~29 for point sources. The image contains at least 10,000 objects presented here as a catalog. Few if any galaxies at redshifts greater than ~4 resemble present day spiral or elliptical galaxies. Using the Lyman break dropout method, we find 504 B-dropouts, 204 V-dropouts, and 54 i-dropouts. Using these samples that are at different redshifts but derived from the same data, we find no evidence for a change in the characteristic luminosity of galaxies but some evidence for a decrease in their number densities between redshifts of 4 and 7. The ultraviolet luminosity density of these samples is dominated by galaxies fainter than the characteristic luminosity, and the HUDF reveals considerably more luminosity than shallower surveys. The apparent ultraviolet luminosity density of galaxies appears to decrease from redshifts of a few to redshifts greater than 6. The highest redshift samples show that star formation was already vigorous at the earliest epochs that galaxies have been observed, less than one billion years after the Big Bang.Comment: 44 pages, 18 figures, to appear in the Astronomical Journal October 200

Allele-specific binding of ZFP57 in the epigenetic regulation of imprinted and non-imprinted monoallelic expression.

BACKGROUND: Selective maintenance of genomic epigenetic imprints during pre-implantation development is required for parental origin-specific expression of imprinted genes. The Kruppel-like zinc finger protein ZFP57 acts as a factor necessary for maintaining the DNA methylation memory at multiple imprinting control regions in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Maternal-zygotic deletion of ZFP57 in mice presents a highly penetrant phenotype with no animals surviving to birth. Additionally, several cases of human transient neonatal diabetes are associated with somatic mutations in the ZFP57 coding sequence. RESULTS: Here, we comprehensively map sequence-specific ZFP57 binding sites in an allele-specific manner using hybrid ES cell lines from reciprocal crosses between C57BL/6J and Cast/EiJ mice, assigning allele specificity to approximately two-thirds of all binding sites. While half of these are biallelic and include endogenous retrovirus (ERV) targets, the rest show monoallelic binding based either on parental origin or on genetic background of the allele. Parental-origin allele-specific binding is methylation-dependent and maps only to imprinting control differentially methylated regions (DMRs) established in the germline. We identify a novel imprinted gene, Fkbp6, which has a critical function in mouse male germ cell development. Genetic background-specific sequence differences also influence ZFP57 binding, as genetic variation that disrupts the consensus binding motif and its methylation is often associated with monoallelic expression of neighboring genes. CONCLUSIONS: The work described here uncovers further roles for ZFP57-mediated regulation of genomic imprinting and identifies a novel mechanism for genetically determined monoallelic gene expression.The authors acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust, BBSRC, and EU FP7 Initial Training Networks INGENIUM (Marie-Curie Action 290123) and EpiHealthNet (Marie Curie Action 317146).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from BioMed Central via http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0672-

Beluga whales in the western Beaufort Sea : current state of knowledge on timing, distribution, habitat use and environmental drivers

ECG was supported by a National Research Council-National Academy of Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship.The seasonal and geographic patterns in the distribution, residency, and density of two populations (Chukchi and Beaufort) of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) were examined using data from aerial surveys, passive acoustic recordings, and satellite telemetry to better understand this arctic species in the oceanographically complex and changing western Beaufort Sea. An aerial survey data-based model of beluga density highlights the Beaufort Sea slope as important habitat for belugas, with westerly regions becoming more important as summer progresses into fall. The Barrow Canyon region always had the highest relative densities of belugas from July-October. Passive acoustic data showed that beluga whales occupied the Beaufort slope and Beaufort Sea from early April until early November and passed each hydrophone location in three broad pulses during this time. These pulses likely represent the migrations of the two beluga populations: the first pulse in spring being from Beaufort animals, the second spring pulse Chukchi belugas, with the third, fall pulse a combination of both populations. Core-use and home range analyses of satellite-tagged belugas showed similar use of habitats as the aerial survey data, but also showed that it is predominantly the Chukchi population of belugas that uses the western Beaufort, with the exception of September when both populations overlap. Finally, an examination of these beluga datasets in the context of wind-driven changes in the local currents and water masses suggests that belugas are highly capable of adapting to oceanographic changes that may drive the distribution of their prey.PostprintPeer reviewe