Описание города Нежина, его улиц и домов. Перепись населения по домам, составленная 15 февраля 1766 г. в городской магистратуре

Сьомий випуск наукової збірки “Ніжинська старовина” присвячений публікації пам’ятки середини ХІХ ст. – копії опису міста Ніжина 1766 року. Збірник містить публікацію тексту документу, супровідну статтю і покажчик географічних назв і топоніміки. Підготовка до друку, зауваження до тексту документа та покажчик топонімів і географічних назв С. Зозулі та О. Морозова

Macrosocial determinants of population health in the context of globalization

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55738/1/florey_globalization_2007.pd

Perspectives on gasification systems to produce energy carriers and other chemicals with low CO2 emissions : techno‐economic system analysis on current and advanced flexible thermo‐chemical conversion of fossil fuels and biomass

To prevent dangerous climate change, the emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gasses (GHG) need to be reduced. Two key mitigation options to reduce GHG involve a transition from the current fossil-fuel based infrastructure towards one based on renewable and the implementation of CO2 capture, transport and storage (CCS). Gasification facilities could be attractive for both of these options. Gasification is a relatively new technology where carbonaceous feedstocks (including coal and biomass), can be converted into electricity or chemicals (including transportation fuels). During this conversion process, a syngas stream with a high CO2 partial pressure is obtained, making CCS attractive at this location as it reduces the energy consumption and costs of capturing the CO2. Furthermore, during chemical production CO2is often already removed to improve the overall conversion efficiency of the facility, reducing the penalty due to CCS even further. However, at current market conditions, gasification facilities are economically unattractive. There are, however, large fluctuations in these market prices. Exploiting these variations could improve the economics of the facilities. These economics are also expected to improve as a result of technological learning, especially concerning the gasification of solid feedstocks. This thesis aims to determine the techno-economic potential of commercial scale gasification systems producing energy carriers and other chemicals with low CO2 emissions and to assess how and when flexibility improves the overall performance of these gasification systems. This was done by developing chemical simulation models on a component level. The flexibility has been studied by changing the feedstock (coal, biomass pellets and torrefied biomass pellets) and product (electricity, FT-liquids, methanol and urea). The future performance of gasification facilities was assessed using a combination of an engineering study and trend analysis. The results show that flexibility in feedstock of up to 50%, and in production of up to 60%, is technically possible with only minor reductions in overall conversion efficiency. The economic analysis indicates that an attractive strategy for exploiting variations in market prices is to adjust production between electricity and FT-liquids, following the daily variation of the electricity price. Gasification facilities that use this kind of flexibility are not only more profitable than their static counterparts; they are also less vulnerable to large changes in market conditions. Results also show that there is a large potential in improving the performance of current facilities as a result of technological learning. The combination of new technologies, such as ion transfer membranes and warm gas cleaning, and improved operating experience, could decrease production costs of electricity or transportation fuels by around 30%. Summarising, this research points out a large potential for (flexible) gasification facilities which apply CCS, allowing gasification to play a role in decarbonising both the energy and transportation sectors and, therefore, make a valuable contribution in the transition from a fossil-based energy infrastructure towards one based on renewables. Although the potential for technological learning is considerable, this will not be achieved without R&D as well as new gasification facilities

CO2 capture research in the Netherlands

The global climate is changing due to human activities. This human‑induced climate change is mainly caused by global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Most scientists agree that in order to mitigate climate change, by 2050, global CO2 emissions must be reduced by at least 50% compared to their 1990 level. Fossil fuels, however, are expected to continue playing a dominant role in the world energy supply far into this century. As yet, the combined effect of improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy (and perhaps nuclear power) cannot achieve the required reductions in CO2 emissions. Therefore, CO2 capture and storage (CCS) may become an important (third) option for mitigating climate change. The Dutch government has the ambition to build two large scale demonstration projects by 2015

CO2 capture research in the Netherlands

The global climate is changing due to human activities. This human‑induced climate change is mainly caused by global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Most scientists agree that in order to mitigate climate change, by 2050, global CO2 emissions must be reduced by at least 50% compared to their 1990 level. Fossil fuels, however, are expected to continue playing a dominant role in the world energy supply far into this century. As yet, the combined effect of improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy (and perhaps nuclear power) cannot achieve the required reductions in CO2 emissions. Therefore, CO2 capture and storage (CCS) may become an important (third) option for mitigating climate change. The Dutch government has the ambition to build two large scale demonstration projects by 2015

Future technological and economic performance of IGCC and FT production facilities with and without CO2 capture: Combining component based learning curve and bottom-up analysis

This study aims to investigate the technological and economic prospects of integrated gasification facilities for power (IGCC) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) liquid production with and without CCS over time. For this purpose, a component based experience curve was constructed and applied to identify the potential performance improvement of integrated gasification facilities. The results of the experience curve were compared with a bottom-up technology analysis conducted in previous work (Meerman et al., 2012). Results indicate that substantial cost reductions and performance improvements are possible, especially for IGCC with CCS. For instance, the costs of electricity production (COE) may decrease from 82 D2008/MWh at present to 50 D2008/MWh in 2050, if solid oxide fuel cells become commercially available (with a constant coal price of 2.25 D2008/GJ). This cost decrease can only be realized if installed IGCC capacity increase to over 600 GWe and installed CCS capacity to over 3000 GWe equivalent. Also IGCC without CCS have considerable learning potential, with COE projected to decrease from the current 60 to 40 D2008/MWh in the long term. Furthermore, the COE of IGCC without CCS could be competitive with the current market price in the short term. Initial support is, however, needed to realize the first 20 GWe. Currently, coal-based FT-liquids are already competitive at an oil price of 77 D2008/bbl for FT-liquids without CCS and of 83 D2008/bbl with CCS, resulting in CO2 capture costs of only 11 D2008/t CO2. By 2050, production costs of FT-liquids could drop to 9.3 D2008/GJ for FT-liquids without CCS and to 10 D2008/GJ for FT-liquids with CCS. To realize this cost reduction, an installed capacity of about 430 GWth FT is needed. The bottom-up and the component based experience curve analyses gave comparable trends regarding the potential development of efficiency, capital costs and production costs for a scenario with a strong growth in IGCC, FT and CCS capacity. The main advantage of combining the two approaches is that it becomes clear how cost reductions can be achieved, what kind of capacity development and the time frame is required to reach the projected improvements