The use of linear programming to evaluate the impact of credit for investments in small goat farms.

Abstract: The PRONAF is a governmental program that subsidies the credit for investment to smallholder farming and improves the social development in Brazil. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of increasing the values of credit for investment used for the PRONAF farmers in semi-arid areas, and their impact in the income and labor in smallholder farming production system. Economic data of dairy and meat goat systems of PRONAF farmers in ?Rio Grande do Norte?, Brazil was used. The limit of the model was the credit for investment, maximum number of animals in the system and the labor time. The current values of credit for investment (US$ 2,850.00) were increased by 25%, 50% and 100% and its impact analyzed in the farm income when considering milk and meat production. The maximum number of animals in the system was estimated by multiplying the carry capacity (1.5 heads/ha/year) plus the average pasture areas of PRONAF farms (35 ha). The maximum labor time, available for farm work, was 12 hours/day. This mathematical model was solved using linear programming with LINDO® software. When the credit for investment was expanded in 25 and 50%, the income of the system increased, respectively, to 22 and 41%. It happened because the values of credit allowed increasing the number of dairy goats in the system. However, this income was not enough to use and pay more than 5 hours/day in dairy goat system activities. When raising the credit for investment up to 100% it could increase the income of the system around 81%. It happened because the number of dairy goats grew up to 83% and the dairy production had better results than meat production. The system with more dairy goats produces enough income as to pay the farmer labor (7 hours/day) and during the other five hours could develop other activities. Therefore, the results of the analysis indicated that an increase in the credit for investment in small goat farms in semi-arid areas in Brazil could be addressed towards the dairy goat production, enhancing the income of families and employment opportunities.Edição de proceedings 9th International Goat Conference; 23th Conference ofthe Asociación Mexicana de Producción Caprinaat Queretaro, Mexico, in September 2008. XXIII Conference ofthe Asociación Mexicana de Producción Caprin

How impactful are public policies on environmental sustainability? Debating the Portuguese case of PO SEUR 2014–2020

Sustainable development is a key feature of national, European Union and global development strategies. The main research goal is to provide evidence on how impactful public policies on environmental sustainability in Portugal are at the regional level, in various policy areas. In this context, this paper analyses the main impacts of the Portuguese Operational Programme for Sustainability and Efficient Use of Resources (PO SEUR 2014–20). The research uses a territorial impact assessment (TIA) methodology (TARGET_TIA) to assess these impacts in five analytic dimensions (economy with low emissions, adaptation to climate change, risk prevention and management, environmental protection and resource efficiency) in the five mainland Portuguese NUTS 2. It concludes that, in overall terms, PO SEUR produced low to moderate positive impacts in all NUTS II and analysed dimensions, but it was particularly positive in measures fostering adaptation to climate change, and less impactful in measures supporting an economy with low emissions and resource efficiency in Portugal. Despite data limitations, the research provided adequate evidence that key public policies supporting environmental sustainability in Portugal are largely ineffective and inefficient in view of their policy goals and allocated funding. To turn this scenario around, the process of project selection needs to undergo significant improvements to better adjust the regional needs on environmental sustainability-related issues to the available funding. Moreover, on a policy strategic level, there needs to be support for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy in Portugal via concrete actions exploring environmental capital and a green economy in urban areas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Análise dos contratos futuros de soja nos municípios de Rio Verde - GO e Sorriso - MT.

O objetivo geral do trabalho é estimar a razão ótima de hedge como forma de gestão de investimentos em contratos de soja em grão em Sorriso/ MT e para a região de Rio Verde/ GO. As regiões foram escolhidas pela importância de suas respectivas produções no contexto nacional comercialização de grãos, tendo o estado do Mato Grosso como o principal produtor nacional e o município de Rio Verde como maior produtor no estado de Goiás. Os resultados mostram que Rio Verde e Sorriso devem "hedgear" 53,88% e 69,44% da produção no spot para terem 42,47% e 52,85% de efetividade. A simulação de bootsranping mostrou também a disparidade nos resultados da razão ótima de hedge, em que, das 1.000 repetições cerca de 700 repetições se concentraram acima de de 0,54 ou de 54% para Rio Verde. Já para Sorriso/MT as simulações mostraram que 950 das 1.000 repetições concentraram acima de de 0,690 ou de 69,00% para o RHO. Por conseguinte, o produtor de soja de Sorriso ? MT está mais exposto ao risco, portanto este deve "hedgear" maior percentual da sua produção no mercado futuro

A perda de eficiência na cadeia de carne bovina brasileira sob a ótica da nova economia institucional.

O agronegócio é um grande setor da economia brasileira, gerando divisas, empregos e controlando a balança comercial do país. No mercado da carne bovina o Brasil recebe destaque no cenário internacional, visto que possui o maior rebanho comercial do mundo e é o maior exportador do produto. Neste setor a relação produtor-frigorífico merece mais atenção, pois há uma falta de coordenação, que gera perda de eficiência na cadeia. No país os pecuaristas são tomadores de preço dos frigoríficos e muitas vezes não comercializam a produção a um valor justo para ele. Esta perda de eficiência pode ser explicada pela Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), mais especificamente pelos custos de transação, a assimetria de informação e o poder de mercado. O objetivo geral do artigo é utilizar a Teoria dos Custos de Transação (TCE), a análise do Poder de Mercado e a Assimetria Informacional para explicar a perda de eficiência na cadeia. O específico é tentar verificar qual das partes é mais prejudicada dentro da cadeia, no elo entre pecuaristas e frigoríficos. A pesquisa mostrou que há realmente a perda de eficiência na cadeia, devido o fato dos pecuaristas serem os grandes prejudicados da cadeia. As indústrias frigoríficas possuem poder de mercado sobre os produtores, além de obterem informações privilegiadas e de muita importância para o setor, confirmando a assimetria de informação. Há custos de transação envolvidos no abate de bovinos, o que aumenta as perdas para os produtores

First Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence Study in Portugal: RETINODIAB Study-Evaluation of the Screening Programme for Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In Portugal, so far, there is no study or even accurate data on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), based on a large representative sample and on a long-term follow-up. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of DR based on a national screening community-based programme. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective analysis of the RETINODIAB screening programme results was implemented in Lisbon and Tagus Valley area between July 2009 and October 2014. We estimated the prevalence of retinopathy for all patients with type 2 diabetes and studied the association between known risk factors and retinopathy emergence at their first screening. RESULTS: Throughout this period, from a total of 103 102 DR readable screening examinations, 52 739 corresponded to patients who attended RETINODIAB screening at entry. Globally, DR was detected in 8584 patients (16.3%). Of these, 5484 patients (10.4%) had mild non-proliferative (NP) DR, 1457 patients (2.8%) had moderate NPDR and 672 (1.3%) had severe NPDR. Finally, 971 patients (1.8%) had proliferative DR requiring urgent referral to an ophthalmologist. The presence of any DR, non-referable DR or referable DR was strongly associated with increasing duration of diabetes and earlier age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of DR in our study (16.3%) was slightly lower than other published international data. The RETINODIAB network proved to be an effective screening programme as it improved DR screening in Lisbon and Tagus Valley surrounding are

Xanthomatose normolipidemique a localisation nasale chez une patiente de 18 ans

Introduction : Exposer un cas de xanthomatose normolipidémique.Observation : il s’agit d’une adolescente de 18 ans qui a présenté une masse des cavités nasales dont le bilan paraclinique a plaidé en faveur d’un xanthogranulome juvénile. L’évolution à court terme a été satisfaisante après l’exérèse chirurgicale par une voie combinée externe et endonasle.Conclusion : il s’agit d’une présentation inhabituelle de la xanthomatose dont les difficultés diagnostiques d’ordre multifactoriel, ont été relevées.Mots clés : Cavités nasales – Xanthomatoses –granulomatoses chroniquesIntroduction : To expose a case of normolipidemic xanthomatosisCase report : An 18 years aged girl has presented a swelling involving the nasal cavities. Paraclinical examens have evoked a case of juvenile xanthogranuloma. Earlier outcome was good after a surgical removal which has combined external and endonasal way.Conclusion: it’s an unusual feature of xanthomatis. The difficulties of diagnosis which seemed caused by many factors have been point out.Keyswords : Nasal cavities – Xanthomatosis – Chronic granulom

Diagnóstico e tratamento da mastite.

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