Integrated Management of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater in China. - Demonstration Project in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province

Årsliste 2000The city of Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province is a medium-size, rapidly expanding Chinese city located in a flat landscape with numerous canals. These are used for navigation, fishing, aquaculture and as drinking and industrial water source, but also as recipients for domestic and industrial wastewater and runoff from agriculture, paved roads and solid waste landfills in the area. The canals are severely polluted. NIVA has been assisting Jiaxing Environmental Protection Bureau (JEPB) in finding solutions to the local wastewater problems. The industry in the area discharges substantial quantities of potentially toxic wastewater to the sewer systems. There are, however, good possibilities for cleaner production routines in various factories. Several measures facilitate the transport of sewage to the nearby Hangzhou Bay, and sewage treatment processes before final disposal have been identified. The project has identified current and future wastewater production and recipient status. Based on pilot-plant operation and computer models a complete system for sewage collection and treatment has been suggested. This is based on transport of untreated sewage to Hanfzhou Bay where the construction of a sewage treatment plant is planned. The treatment methodology is based on a flexible chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), followed by a biological step at a later stage. The project findings put emphasis on knowledge transfer and strengthening of JEPB resources to find solutions to the water-related problems in the city. In addition a detailed abatement plan should be developed, taking existing water quality, user interests and future water quality objectives into account.Direktoratet for Utviklingshjelp (NORAD

The relationship between cadence, pedalling technique and gross efficiency in cycling

Technique and energy saving are two variables often considered as important for performance in cycling and related to each other. Theoretically, excellent pedalling technique should give high gross efficiency (GE). The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between pedalling technique and GE. 10 well-trained cyclists were measured for GE, force effectiveness (FE) and dead centre size (DC) at a work rate corresponding to ~75% of VO2max during level and inclined cycling, seat adjusted forward and backward, at three different cadences around their own freely chosen cadence (FCC) on an ergometer. Within subjects, FE, DC and GE decreased as cadence increased (p < 0.001). A strong relationship between FE and GE was found, which was to great extent explained by FCC. The relationship between cadence and both FE and GE, within and between subjects, was very similar, irrespective of FCC. There was no difference between level and inclined cycling position. The seat adjustments did not affect FE, DC and GE or the relationship between them. Energy expenditure is strongly coupled to cadence, but force effectiveness, as a measure for pedalling technique, is not likely the cause of this relationship. FE, DC and GE are not affected by body orientation or seat adjustments, indicating that these parameters and the relationship between them are robust to coordinative challenges within a range of cadence, body orientation and seat position that is used in regular cycling

Rehabilitation of the DTD-Canal in Vrbas. Assessment of environmental status, pollution sources, and abatement measures

During the years 2002-2006 there has been undertaken a Rehabilitation Plan Study of the Grand Canal on the problem stretch from Crvenka to the Triangle downstream Vrbas. The aim of the study has been to assess the environmental status, assess and rank the pollution inputs from the different sources, assess the amount of sediments as well as their content of pollution, and, based on these assessments propose the most relevant mitigation measures to rehabilitate the Grand Canal to an acceptable status to the best of the aquatic environment, the water use interests, and for the people living in the area. The environmental status of the canal is very bad downstream the entrance of the laterals just upstream Vrbas and for the stretch down to the Triangle where dilution water is coming in via the “by-pass” canal (Becej – Bogojevo Canal). Particularly the situation is bad through Vrbas town. Here the canal almost is completely filled in with industrial sludge, there is no oxygen in the water, and there is in fact a great surplus of oxygen demand in the water. The water smells badly of sulphides and there are extremely high concentrations of coliform bacteria (levels of raw sewage). The water causes a health threat for the people living there. The Farmakoop Pig Farm, the two sugar factories Crvenka Sugar and Backa Sugar, and the slaughter house and meat factory Carnex, are the four “hot-spots” which are mainly responsible for the poor environmental situation in the canal. The effluents from these have to be controlled. Otherwise other measures will be of little value. Thereafter, the sewage discharge from the population in the three towns ranks in importance. After the 5-6 main pollution sources are controlled the canal can be dredged for removal of accumulated sediments with long term effects

Integrated Management of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater in China. - Demonstration Project in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province Executive Summary, Part 1 of Final Report

Årsliste 2000The city of Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province in a medium-size, rapidly expanding Chinese city located in a flat landcape with numerous canals. These are used for navigation, fishing, aquaculture and as drinking water source, but also as recipients for wastewater and runoff from agriculture, paved roads and solid waste landfills in the area. The canals are severely polluted. NIVA has been assisting Jiaxing Environmental Protection Bureau (JEPB) in finding solutions to the local wastewater problems. Several measures facilitate the transport of sewage to the nearby Hangzhou Bay, and sewage treatment processes before final disposal have been identified. The project has identified current and future wastewater production and recipient status. Based on pilot-plant operation and computer models a complete system for sewage collection and treatment has been suggested. This is based on transport of untreated sewage to Hangzhou Bay where the construction of a sewage treatment plant is planned. The treatment methodology is based on a flexible chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), followed by a biological step at a later stage. The industry in the area discharges substantial quantities of potentially toxic wastewater to the sewer systems. There are, however, good possibilities for cleaner production routines in various factories. The project findings put emphasis on knowledge transfer and strengthening of JEPB resources to find solutions on the water-related problems in the city. In addition a detailed abatement plan should be developed, taking existing water quality, user interests and future water quality objectives into account.Direktoratet for Utviklingshjelp (NORAD

Sprint training enhances ionic regulation during intense exercise in men

1. This study investigated the effects of 7 weeks of sprint training on changes in electrolyte concentrations and acid-base status in arterial and femoral venous blood, during and following maximal exercise for 30 s on an isokinetic cycle ergometer. 2. Six healthy males performed maximal exercise, before and after training. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously from brachial arterial and femoral venous catheters, at rest, during the final 10 s of exercise and during 10 min of recovery, and analysed for whole blood and plasma ions and acid-base variables. 3. Maximal exercise performance was enhanced after training, with a 13% increase in total work output and a 14% less decline in power output during maximal cycling. 4. The acute changes in plasma volume, ions and acid-base variables during maximal exercise were similar to previous observations. Sprint training did not influence the decline in plasma volume during or following maximal exercise. After training, maximal exercise was accompanied by lower arterial and femoral venous plasma [K+] and [Na+] across all measurement times (P < 0.05). Arterial plasma lactate concentration ([Lac-]) was greater (P < 0.05), but femoral venous plasma [Lac-] was unchanged by training. 5. Net release into, or uptake of ions from plasma passing through the exercising muscle was assessed by arteriovenous concentration differences, corrected for fluid movements. K+ release into plasma during exercise, and a small net K+ uptake from plasma 1 min post-exercise (P < 0.05), were unchanged by training. A net Na+ loss from plasma during exercise (P < 0.05) tended to be reduced after training (P < 0.06). Release of Lac- into plasma during and after exercise (P < 0.05) was unchanged by training. 6. Arterial and venous plasma strong ion difference ([SID]; [SID] = [Na+] + [K+] - [Lac-] - [Cl-]) were lower after training (mean differences) by 2.7 and 1.8 mmol l-1, respectively (P < 0.05). Arterial and femoral venous CO2 tensions and arterial plasma [HCO3-] were lower after training (mean differences) by 1.7 mmHg, 4.5 mmHg and 1.2 mmol l-1, respectively (P < 0.05), with arterial plasma [H+] being greater after training by 2.2 nmol l-1 (P < 0.05). 7. The acute changes in whole blood volume and ion concentrations during maximal exercise were similar to previous observations: Arterial and femoral whole blood [K+] and [Cl-] were increased, whilst [Na+] was lower, across all observation times after training (P < 0.05). 8. Net uptake or release of ions by exercising muscle was assessed by arteriovenous whole blood concentration differences, corrected for fluid movements. A net K+ uptake by muscle occurred at all times, including exercise, but this was not significantly different after training. An increased net Na+ uptake by muscle occurred during exercise (P < 0.05) with greater Na+ uptake after training (P < 0.05). Net muscle Lac- release and Cl- uptake occurred at all times (P < 0.05) and were unchanged by training. 9. Sprint training improved muscle ion regulation, associated with increased intense exercise performance, at the expense of a greater systemic acidosis. Increased muscle Na+ and K+ uptake by muscle during the final seconds of exercise after training are consistent with a greater activation of the muscle Na(+) - K+ pump, reduced cellular K+ loss and the observed lesser rate of fatigue. The greater plasma acidosis found after sprint training was caused by a lower arterial plasma [SID] due to lower plasma [K+] and [Na+], and higher plasma [Lac-]