Combinando testes de Mardia e BHEP na avaliação duma hipótese multivariada de normalidade

https://thekeep.eiu.edu/den_1998_feb/1015/thumbnail.jp

Intraspecific Variation and Ecosystem Function: Implications for more effective Post-Restoration Monitoring

The effectiveness of stream restoration is often measured by the recolonization of certain focal species. However, important information regarding intraspecific variation (e.g. size structure) of these species is often ignored. Recent research suggests that intraspecific variation such as body size can have profound effects on food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Specifically, intraspecific predator size variation has been posited as a major determinant of a species’ ability to control lower trophic levels and even has the potential to alter trophic cascade intensity. The importance of predator feeding strategy (e.g. omnivory) and changes with body size may also be an important factor controlling the pervasiveness of top-down control. Therefore, considering factors such as size structure and how these factors interact with feeding strategy will enable better restoration planning and better predictions post restoration. We sought to identify the effects of size and size structure on top-down control by omnivorous Speckled Dace, Rhinichthys osculus, and how these effects scaled with density. Within our study system, R. osculus inhabit small isolated beaver ponds, the conditions of which we replicated in 1000L cattle tanks. Size, size structure, and density of R. osculus were then manipulated within these tanks and resulting changes in invertebrate and algal communities were monitored over 8 weeks. Benthic algal biomass was significantly lower in the fishless control and lowest fish density treatment, indicating that R. osculus may have caused a trophic cascade that varied in intensity by treatment. Invertebrate samples are currently being processed and should provide insight into the specific pathways of this potential trophic cascade. Once completed, this research will contribute to a growing body of knowledge regarding the role of intraspecific variation in maintaining the full suite of complex interactions that constitute healthy ecosystems. Additionally, this research highlights the importance of considering density and size structure in designing and assessing stream restorations

Act of Resistance against Government Policies in Slavery as Reflected in Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The aims of this research were to find the implementation of government policies toward the African-American slaves in America and act of resistance against slavery system as reflected in the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method by applying sociological approach in analyzing Uncle Tom’s Cabin with reference to Wellek and Warren on the relationship between literary work and social context in which it was written. Data sources are primary and supporting data. The primary data are taken from Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and supporting data are taken from the books, journals, articles, and some sources from internet. In this novel, the researcher found that; 1) Government policies toward the African-American slaves reflected in Uncle Tom’s Cabin are Slave Codes 1705 and Fugitive Slave Act 1850 2) the act of resistence by the slaves against slavery system reflected in this novel is passive resistence. Passive resistences are shown by the characters of the slave such as runnaway, tell a lie, and protesting the authority of their owner

Locating Royce\u27s Reasoning on Race

In the fall 2009 issue of The Pluralist, Tommy Curry and Dwayne Tunstall challenged the current, dominant view of Royce as an antiracist. In Royce, Racism, and the Colonial Ideal, Curry presents Royce as a white supremacist, an admirer of British colonialism, and an advocate of black assimilation to Anglo-Saxon cultural practices (14-15). Tunstall, in Josiah Royce\u27s \u27Enlightened\u27 Antiblack Racism?, presents Royce as a non-essentialist regarding race, yet as a cultural antiblack racist, with a colonial attitude comparable to that held by John Stuart Mill (Tunstall 40). In the same issue of The Pluralist, Jacquelyn Kegley analyzes Royce\u27s 1905 essay, Race Questions and Prejudices, and maintains that Royce was a progressive antiracist, although she acknowledges that he shared some biases of the time (Kegley 8). Scott Pratt and Shannon Sullivan basically agree with Kegley in their introductions to the 2009 reissue of Royce\u27s 1908 collection of essays, Race Questions, Provincialism, and Other American Problems. Setting Royce\u27s essays in the context of his philosophy of loyalty, Pratt presents Royce as racially inclusive, with an egalitarian and democratic view on governance (Pratt 8-9). Sullivan finds problematic Royce\u27s recommendation of administration as a response to race-friction, and takes it to illustrate Royce\u27s ignorance of structural racism (Sullivan 26-27). Nonetheless, she insists that Royce articulated an antiracist position at a time when few philosophers, particularly white males, had the courage to do so (Sullivan 21). In this paper I contribute to this debate, extending evidence in support of Curry\u27s and Tunstall\u27s presentations of Royce as holding white supremacist views. This paper addresses Curry\u27s concern that Royce\u27s thinking on race has not been situated in relation to white thinkers of his time (Curry 31). Here I locate Royce\u27s reasoning in Race Questions and Prejudices among his white contemporaries\u27 scientific and political debates regarding race. White supremacists of the time, while agreeing that whites were a superior race to blacks and that whites should govern, held a range of positions regarding the science and evolution of race, and offered many different proposals on how race relations should be socially and politically ordered. By locating his reasoning within the debates of his day, I show that in Race Questions and Prejudices, Royce was arguing as a racial conservative, defined below, against a particularly vile form of populist racism, then prevalent. Because racial conservatism was so widely held by intellectuals of the day, Royce did not need to state his fundamental assumptions explicitly; his reasoning is opaque to today\u27s readers. However, there are plenty of clues in the questions he chose to address or not address, the arguments he chose to use and not use, and in the recommendations he made and did not make. This analysis shows how implausible it is to claim that Royce was antiracist. Royce\u27s racial logic discussed in this article is of a piece with the colonial logic Curry and Tunstall identify in their essays; my conclusions complement their own. In section 1, I lay out Royce\u27s racial topography, identifying the pattern Royce gives in Some Characteristic Tendencies of American Civilization. In section 2, I show how Royce\u27s reasoning about science and race did not challenge the dominant theories of evolutionary, scientific racism of the day, but was consistent with them. Section 3 demonstrates that Royce\u27s advocacy of administration and his discussion of racial antipathies aligned with racial conservatives\u27 emphasis on social stability based on white superiority and control. Section 4 draws out implications for contemporary research on Royce and other historical recovery projects. Throughout the paper I will use the language of race and races as Royce did, without entering into the discussion of how enormously problematic that language was and is

Memphis State University commencement, 1963 June. Program

Program for the second convocation of the 51st commencement of Memphis State University at Memphis, Tennessee, held at the university fieldhouse on June 1, 1963. Digitized by the Internet Archive.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-ua-pub-commencements/1037/thumbnail.jp