An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Globalization on Ethiopian Economy: An Application of Error Correction Model

Nowadays the issue of globalization has received huge attention  from researchers in different areas for the fact that we always hear about it but there exists little evidences of convergences. While some researchers argue pro globalization others pointed out the costs of globalization being outweighs its benefits and it fails to meet its potentials of benefiting both developing and developed world. This study has attempted to investigate the economic impact of globalization on Ethiopia using the annual data covering from 1991 to 2016 and by employing a co-integration analysis.The empirical result revealed that economic growth of Ethiopia is being affected by globalization both in the short-run and long-run. Thus economic growth and globalization have a long-run relationship which is found to be both positive and significant. Therefore, Ethiopia can be benefited more provided that if the economy of country is integrated and opened to competitions from the rest of the world. Keywords: Co-Integration Analysis, ECM, Economic Growth, Ethiopia, FDI, Globalization, Trade Opennes

Socio-Economic Analysis of Market Oriented Beekeeping in Atsbi Wemberta District of Eastern Zone, Tigray Region

This study was initiated to assess the process of beekeeping development and diffusion of improved beekeeping management and evaluate the impact of improved beekeeping on household income, per capita income, changes in capacity development and social issues such as educational expenditure, health improvement, and human capita. The study was based on a representative sample of 200 farm households (99 modern beekeepers and 101 traditional beekeepers) selected using random sampling. To analyze the process of beekeeping development and diffusion of improved beekeeping management and to evaluate the impact of improved beekeeping on household descriptive statistics and matching estimation methods were used respectively. Estimated result of the Heckman regression model indicates there is no selection bias. The descriptive analysis explain due to a number of beekeeping development interventions (i.e. supply of beekeeping materials, training) most modern beekeepers had progressive improvement on the utilization methods and honey handling techniques (i.e. skill improvement) together with their accessories, have been distributed to farmers. The propensity score matching result also indicates that the mean income of modern beekeepers is significantly higher than that of traditional beekeepers. The estimated results for the matching methods showed that the average income gain due to improved beekeeping ranges from 2679 to 2888 Birr per household per annum. The overall average total educational expenditures gain due to improved beekeeping ranged between 79.75 and 90.74 Birr and was significant at 1% level based on the kernel, nearest neighbor, stratified and radius, matching methods. The overall average human capital gain due to improved beekeeping ranged between 82.35 and 98.45 Birr and was significant at 5% level based on the kernel, stratified, radius and nearest neighbor, matching methods. Average per capita income gain due to improved beekeeping ranged between 428.4 and 493.5 Birr and was significant at 1% level based on the stratified, radius, kernel and nearest neighbor matching methods. The results certainly imply that the modern beekeepers had better living status than the traditional beekeepers in the woreda. It is suggested to focus on modern beekeeping development technologies and provision of relevant training as well as technical assistances need to up grade for the improvements in beekeeping production

THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL DECISIONS WITHIN THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM: POLITICAL NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN ADJUDICATION

It is traditionally contended that politics and law are two separate domains of international relations among the main actors, states. As opposed to this thinking, international relations of the twenty-first century have been characterized by the continuing interaction of law and politics. As the main actors and participants in international law, states played and still play significant roles in this development. The growing sense of nationalism within states and the concomitant consequence of prioritizing their respective national interests led to the use, by these states, of international law as an instrument of justification.  When international law is used this way, politics, and law inevitably confluence to serve the interests of those states with strong national objectives that they seek to achieve in any way possible. International trade has become very essential in international relations more than ever while it at the same time is affected by the political decisions of states at different levels. When the World Trade Organization was established (January 1, 1995), its first aim was to institutionalize the international trade relation among states so that more trade liberalization and integration would be achieved. It has been doing a remarkable job in working towards a more integrated world through its laws, systems, and institutions. The WTO Dispute Settlement System, with its establishing agreement (Dispute Settlement Understanding) and adjudicating bodies, is such a crucial system of the WTO with a good reputation in the past two decades. It has a complex procedure consisting of both political negotiation and adjudication in the judicial process. This paper limits itself to examining how political decisions by Member states within the WTO affect the WTO dispute settlement system’s progress to ‘judicialization’ of its adjudication process

Job satisfaction among academic staff in Ethiopian public universities

This study aimed at exploring the level of job satisfaction among academic staff members in Ethiopian public universities. For this purpose, a conceptual framework incorporating group of constructs, namely university policies and support, working conditions, student achievement, and demographic factors was developed based on the literature reviewed in the study. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study to collect and analyse quantitative data obtained from participants. Clustered and systematic random sampling techniques were used in the study to choose 400 academic staff members from eight public universities. A questionnaire comprising closed- and open-ended questions, and Likert scale items was adapted in order to gather data from the participants. Descriptive and inferential statistical procedures were used to analyse the relationships between all the study constructs with the help of IBM SPSS, version 25. The study revealed that there were significant differences among different demographic groups, and positive relationships between job satisfaction and its defining constructs. The study also found that most of the academic staff members were dissatisfied with their jobs. Female academic staff members were more significantly dissatisfied with students‟ discipline policy, university governance and support, their salary, workload, communication, and students‟ achievement than male academic staff members. Male academic staff members were, however, more significantly satisfied with the promotion policy and more significantly dissatisfied with reward than the female academic staff members. The study revealed that academic staff members significantly differed in the level of job satisfaction corresponding to their age and qualification. The study also indicated that academic staff members significantly differed in the level of job satisfaction corresponding to their work experience and academic rank. Significant correlations between the eight constructs and job satisfaction of academic staff members were also found in the study. Finally, the study recommended directions for policy amendment and implications for practice and future research relevant to the issue under study.Educational StudiesD. Phil. (Education

The Natural Resource Curse in Sub-Saharan Africa: Transparency and International Initiatives

The Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region has become a classic case of the resource-curse phenomenon characterized by the abundance of natural resources, low economic development, and misuse of natural resources. Economic-development experts debate ways to overcome or avoid the resource curse to advance SSA countries into developed countries. Only one natural resource-rich country in the region, Botswana, has succeeded in becoming an upper middle-income country using its natural resources, making the possibility of replication of this achievement difficult. The literature aligns in the belief that the economic and political well-being of resource-rich nations depends highly on the actors involved. National and international policies and regulations must overcome the resource curse. However, the literature falls short of clarifying the types of governance traits and international interventions required to overcome this phenomenon. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)—a global initiative established in 2002 that seeks to improve the management of natural-resource wealth in implementing countries through increased transparency—is one of the international initiatives currently being implemented in many Sub-Saharan resource-rich countries. This study examines EITI to explore its influence on achieving resource transparency and economic growth. The study finds that EITI, although often acknowledged as one of the best solutions for resource-rich countries around the world, falls short of increasing the economic growth of participating countries. The study also finds that transparency without other government reforms appears to be weak in promoting economic growth in resource-rich SSA countries

Translating particulate hexavalent chomium-induced chromosome instability, loss of homologous recombination repair and targeting of RAD51 from human lung fibroblasts to human bronchial epithelial cells.

Particulate hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-established human lung carcinogen. RAD51, a key protein in homologous recombination repair pathway, is inhibited after prolonged exposure to Cr(VI), leading to an increase in chromosome instability after prolonged exposures in human lung fibroblasts. chromosome instability is the proposed driver of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis. Since tumors from chromate workers develop from epithelial cells, we sought to translate these findings from human bronchial fibroblasts to human bronchial epithelial cells. We hypothesized Cr(VI) inhibits RAD51 after prolonged exposure leading to an increase in chromosome instability in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEP2D). We characterized the cytotoxicity and measured intracellular Cr ion levels, chromosome instability and RAD51 response. Altogether, the data show, in BEP2D cells, Cr(VI) induces DNA double strand breaks and targets RAD51 leading to an increase in chromosome instability, successfully translating the outcomes seen in human bronchial fibroblasts to human bronchial epithelial cells

Assessment Of Knowledge And Practices Related To Tuberculosis And Associated Factors Among HIV Positive People In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Problem statement: TB and HIV have lethal combination making the fight against the diseases harder. Ethiopia is one of the highly affected countries in the world. Poor knowledge & practice of people on TB is believed to pose major challenge on the control program.Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, associated factors to knowledge and practice related to tuberculosis of HIV positive people living in Addis Ababa. Methods: A health facility based cross-sectional survey using a structured & pretested questionnaire was conducted from January to February, 2011 on PLHIV in Addis Ababa. The study subjects were selected by multistage probability sampling. Univariate, Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done. Results: Complete data was collected from 636 study subjects, response rate of 96.2%. Out of which 624 (98.1 %; 95%CI: 96.8%-98.9%) have heard about TB and 50.2% (95% CI: 46.3%-54.0%) were found to have satisfactory overall knowledge on TB. Those who have Primary education [Adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.74 (1.15, 2.62)] and secondary & above [Adjusted OR (95%CI) = 4.08 (2.62, 6.35)] were highly likely to have satisfactory knowledge than illiterates. Of the 624 respondent, 64.1% didn’t often open windows of cars during travel. Of those who had pulmonary TB (194), 22.7% didn’t cover mouth & nose during coughing and sneezing & their main reason was “not giving attention”. From those who got medical treatment for TB (228), 14.5% didn’t complete it and from those who took preventive treatment (231), 8.7% didn’t complete it. The frequently mentioned reason was drug side effect. The intended health seeking practice was 96.8%. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study suggests that PLHIV in Addis Ababa have some gaps in knowledge and acceptable practices. Therefore, a very clear and target oriented health promotion, that takes illiterates in to consideration, for the PLHIV is necessary. Aims and Objectives- To know the most common type of calcanei in North Indian population and itsclinical importance. There are three articular facets on superior surface of calcaneus- anterior, middle andposterior. Three types of calcanei are noted according to number and arrangement of the articular facets-type A, B and C. Methodology - The present studywasdone on 300 dry adult human calcanei of unknownsex taken from Department of Anatomy Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and ResearchVallah (Amritsar). Results- In our study Type B was found as the most common type. Type A is the nextmost common. Interpretation- The talocalcaneal joint is important in arthritis and coalition, flat foot, valgus deformity, congenital anomalies and intra articular fractures