Brainwave analysis for robot movement depending on age and sex differences

A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a direct communication pathway between a human and external device. This system is very useful especially for disabled people as their brainwave still can emit electrical activity and can move the machine even with severe motor impairments. This research aims to investigate the brain waves produced by humans in terms of attention level for robot movement based on sex and age category of children (6-12 years), teenagers (18-25 years old) and adult (30 years and over). An Electroencephalography (EEG) device called Neurosky Mindwave Mobile has been used to obtain brainwave signals produced by humans. There were five aspects of robot movement namely forward (F), right (R), left (L), backward (B) and stop (S). From the analysis, the subject is less focus when doing the backward movement compared to another aspect of movements. Based on sex difference, the male has a higher attention level than female in every aspect of movement except for the left movement. The age group that has the highest attention level is teenager and the lowest is adult. It can be concluded that the attention level produced by human varies depending on age and sex difference of the individual itself

Study on Optical Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Film at Different Annealing Temperature

Tin Oxide (SnO2) thin film is one of the important transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) and applied in various fields such as in solar cells, optoelectronic devices, heat mirror, gas sensors, etc due to its electrical and optical transparency in visible light spectrum. In this paper, we presented the optical properties of tin oxide thin film at four different annealing temperatures (373 K, 437 K, 573 K and 673 K) prepared by radio frequency sputtering technique. The optical characteristic of these films was investigated using the UV-VIS 3101-PC Spectrophotometer. From this study, all samples exhibit high transmittance more than 70% in the visible light spectrum. Sample annealed at 473 K shows the maximum transmittance which is 87%. Refractive index, n were in the range of 2.33 – 2.80 at = 550 nm and enhanced with the annealing temperature. However the extinction of coefficient, k was found to be very small. The optical band-edge absorption coefficients were found in the range of 104 – 105cm-1. The energy gap value was decreased with increasing annealing temperature and the type of photon transition was allowed direct transition

Analysis of Human’s Attention Value in Gender and Age Category using Mindwave Mobile

Brainwave-controlled robot using a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system was designed and studied to help people with disabilities, especially for people who suffer from motor disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). BCI is a communication system that does not depend on peripheral nerves and muscles. However, the integrated robot controlled by the human mind has less efficiency due to the different type of brainwaves generated by a user. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the human’s attention value in age and gender category for improving the mind-controlled robot movement. An electroencephalography (EEG) device called Mindwave Mobile is used to get the attention value generated by humans in the different type of gender (male, female) and age category (children, teenager, adult). There are five aspects of thought movement generated by human which is forward (F), right (R), left (L), backward (B) and stop (S). For statistical analysis, the main effect of gender on the attention value was analyzed by using independent sample t-test and the main effect of age category was analyzed by oneway ANOVA test while the interaction effect between these two factors was analyzed by two-way ANOVA test. The results show that male has a higher attention value than female for every aspect of thought movement except for the left and backward movement. This is due to the different size of the frontal lobe in gender. For the age category, the teenager is more focused than children and adult while the adult has the lowest attention value in every aspect of the movement. From the analysis, only in the forward movement shows that there was a significantly different in gender difference while there was no significant difference in the main effect of age category and the interaction effect between the gender and age category on the attention value for every movement. By doing this research, the movement of a mindcontrolled robot can be improved by setting the threshold value depending on the gender and age category of the user

The Brain Wave Analysis for Robot Movement Using One Electrode

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that uses a network of communication between the nervous system of the human brain with machines or robots. Through this system, people will move the machine without using a computer or a member of his body. The system is very useful especially for people with disabilities such as paralysis and stroke. The aim of this project is to create a study conducted on brain waves produced by humans according to age category of children (6-12 years), teenagers (18-22 years old) and adult (30 years and over). A device called Neurosky Mindwave Mobile is a single electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode. Each respondent was required to use the device to test the resulting attention when they were thinking of the robot movements. There were five thoughts of robot movement; forward (F), right (R), left (L), backward (B) and stop (S). The extracted levels from Neurosky ThinkGear software were recorded and set as an input command to move a robot. Through the analysis, the age group that has the highest attention level is teenagers and the lowest is women. It can be concluded that the level of attention that resulted in moving the robot varies according to an individual's age and gender category. Major implications in doing this project were to move the robot using only the power of the mind

Extraction of protein from microalgae using low pulsed electric field

Extraction of specific biological components from microalgae is often prevented by theintrinsic rigidity of the cell wall. Therefore, cell disruption is required to permit access to theinternal components of the cells. The purpose of this study is to extract protein from microalgae using low Pulsed Electric Field (PEF). Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorococcum sp. were treated with PEF (80 V/cm) in silver/silver and stainless-steel/stainless-steel parallel electrodes treatment chambers for 10 minutes. Treated samples went through solid/liquid separation by centrifugation and the supernatants were further analyzed by Fourier Transforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that overheating occurred at the negativeterminal of the electrode causing damages to cells during treatment. Low pulse duty cycle was able to reduce the overheating effect during PEF treatment. From FTIR spectra, cellulose and protein were detected in the supernatant, indicating that the cells were successfully lysed and some protein managed to diffuse out of the cells during the treatment

Wheelchair controlled by human brainwave using brain computer interface system for paralyzed patient

Integrated wheelchair controlled by human brainwave using a brain-computer interface (BCI) system was designed to help disabled people. The invention aims to improve the development of integrated wheelchair using a BCI system, depending on the ability individual brain attention level. An electroencephalography (EEG) device called mindwave mobile plus (MW+) has been employed to obtain the attention value for wheelchair movement, eye blink to change the mode of the wheelchair to move forward (F), to the right (R), backward (B) and to the left (L). Stop mode (S) is selected when doing eyebrow movement as the signal quality value of 26 or 51 is produced. The development of the wheelchair controlled by human brainwave using a BCI system for helping a paralyzed patient shows the efficiency of the brainwave integrated wheelchair and improved using human attention value, eye blink detection and eyebrow movement. Also, analysis of the human attention value in different gender and age category also have been done to improve the accuracy of the brainwave integrated wheelchair. The threshold value for male children is 60, male teenager (70), male adult (40) while for female children is 50, female teenager (50) and female adult (30)

Investigation of brainwave activities with different facial expression

Many researches have been conducted to explore the ability of single electrode EEG device called Neurosky Mindwave. It has been applied to the devices that are designed for people with motor disabilities. It is low-cost wireless EEG and easy to be handled. Current research make use of the attention or concentration level to be as an input to control the wheelchair or home appliance. Therefore, the aim of the research to investigate not only the attention level but also the signal quality value with different facial expression by using Neurosky Mindwave. The electrode placed on the forehead (Fp1) and transmits the electrical impulses via Bluetooth to an Arduino. The testing are implemented by frowning and winking the eyes. It is found that when frowning, the signal quality is 25 while the signal quality are 26 whenever the left eye are winked. These values can be considered as an input signal for control mechanism if further testing are implemented to validate the values

Analysis of variable pulse generator by using LMC555CM and LM741

A pulse generator is an electric circuit that can be used to generate rectangular or square waves. It can be used for many applications. The objectives of the study were to design and compare two pulse generators with a flexible control over the pulse’s characteristics like the frequency, duty cycle and amplitude using the LMC555CM timer and LM741 as a switch. The pulse generators were constructed using electrical components to determine all the pulse wave parameters. The pulse generators that consist of the switch and the joule thief block were tested on its ability to get the required pulse parameters. Results indicated that the switch block had the variability in frequency control but the duty cycle was not completely independent. The pulse generators; both LMC555CM and LM741 that were connected to the joule thief were able to produce rectangular pulses with higher voltage but did not demonstrate variability in frequency and duty cycle

The effect of color on the attention level

Color plays important role in learning and educational, communication, marketing and architecture. From the previous research especially related to educational, color could affect the attention level of people. The present study was undertaken to find out if the turquoise color could trigger the attention level to be equal or above the attention threshold. The required threshold to start or operate the electronic device should be equal or more than 40. The attention level of five (5) respondents were recorded when they were looking at turquoise color for 10 seconds using a single electrode of Neurosky Mindwave headset. From the experiment, it is found that turquoise could trigger the attention level of all respondents to be above the attention threshold of 40 if they are thoroughly trained

Facial Expression Effect on Signal Quality and the Attention Level of Mind wave

The ability of single electrode electroencephalography (EEG) device such as Neurosky Mind wave has been widely explored in the field of Brainwave Computer Interface (BCI). It has been applied to the devices that are designed especially for people with communication difficulties and severe motor disabilities due to low cost wireless EEG and feasible for daily life usage. Many studies make use of the attention level to be a signal to control automated application such as a wheelchair or home appliance. Thus, this study was to investigate the effects of different facial expression on the attention and signal quality value using Neurosky Mind wave. The brainwave sensor was placed on the forehead frontal point (Fp1) and transmits the electrical impulses wirelessly to Arduino Mega via Bluetooth HC05. The microcontroller was programmed to process the brain signal accordingly and display corresponding output. The testing was executed by frowning and winking with the left and the right eyes. The respondent had to follow the instruction to do this three-facial expression. The time gap between two activities were ten (10) to fifteen (15) seconds approximately. The real time data of signal quality and attention value was monitored on Cool Term. It was found that there was various attention value of the respondent when they executed the activities depending on their focus at that time. However signal quality of 25 could be obtained from all respondents when frowning. This value can be considered as an input signal for control mechanism with if further testing is implemented on a prototype to validate the finding