Software Defined 8, 16

Now-a-days digital circuits are getting more complex One IC in a digital circuit is used for a fixed purpose and its operation cannot be defined through software Because of this limitation digital circuit becomes larger in size When designing an 8bit digital circuit we do not include 16bit or 24bit components but this limits our scope of design and versatility of the design To overcome this problem an 8bit microcontroller is programmed which is able to do addition subtraction multiplication and 28 other digital operations in 8 16 24 bit level To add six 8 bit data 5 adder ICs are not needed anymore This IC can do it all alone For any logic operation the regarding mode needs to be selected in the same IC to perform desired operation It is software defined digital logic design IC This IC will save time space reduce cost in digital circuit designin

Design of a Wireless Data Transmission Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks

In the present world underwater acoustic sensor network (UWSN) is a new research area and currently quite challenging in terms of limited bandwidth, low data rates and multipath propagation & high equipment costs. Most of the research works are stalled by some fundamental factors. For example, high cost of underwater networking experiments as well as lack of portable devices to conduct experiments. In this paper, a new underwater data transmission protocol is proposed to promote experimental research works and to form an underwater acoustic sensor network in which data is transmitted by DTMF tones. The total system consists of a portable transmitter and a receiver. On the transmission module user input will be encoded into DTMF tones, and these tones are generated automatically using a microcontroller. The tone signal is modulated and then transmitted via an acoustic transmitter in form of acoustic waves. On the receiver module these acoustic waves are received via low cost hydrophones which have the ability to capture sound signal in underwater condition. The received signal is decoded into digital binary digits using a DTMF decoder. The decoded digits are combined and the corresponding ASCII character is shown. This portable device can be operated using battery as low power is required to transmit data. The system requires very low power and hence ensures longer battery life

Design of 32 Nodes Wireless Sensor Network Through Mesh Networking for Industrial and Residential Security

Industrial and residential security maintenance is one of the major safety concerns for counteracting any unwanted activities. It is not only for protecting the expensive equipment but also for avoiding any hazardous situations. Therefore, the security system has to be robust, dependable and well configured. Retaining these standards, a 32 nodes Wireless  sensor security network has been proposed in this paper. The nodes are placed on the glass windows surrounding the floors. Each node consists of a sensor to recognize any cracking sound on the glass by detecting the frequency of it. The Passive Infrared sensor on the nodes can detect any burglar entrance to an unauthorized place. All the nodes are connected to a base station consisting of a launch pad and GSM module via wireless mesh network. Each of the nodes are internally connected via mesh network with the adjacent nodes as a backup protection during any device’s malfunction. If the stated node fails to process radio signal to the base station due to channel break then it can send signals via the node beside it.  After detecting any breaking noise, the sensor sends a signal by radio frequency to the base station and the GSM module generates an automatic call to the respective number along with a SMS. The flashing light locates the site of the event and the discerning node sends notification to its connecting node about the occurred incidence. If a burglar tries to disrupt any node, the PIR sensor detects from a 10 meter distance and will generate the alarm before he can proceed. The system requires very low power and hence ensures long battery life

Purification of baculovirus vectors using heparin affinity chromatography

Baculoviruses are commonly used for recombinant protein and vaccine production. Baculoviruses are nonpathogenic to vertebrates, have a large packaging capacity, display broad host and cell type tropism, infect both dividing and nondividing cells, and do not elicit strong immune or allergic responses in vivo. Hence, their use as gene delivery vehicles has become increasingly popular in recent years. Moreover, baculovirus vectors carrying mammalian regulatory elements can efficiently transduce and express transgenes in mammalian cells. Based on the finding that heparan sulfate, which is structurally similar to heparin, is an attachment receptor for baculovirus, we developed a novel scalable baculovirus purification method using heparin-affinity chromatography. Baculovirus supernatants were loaded onto a POROS heparin column, washed to remove unbound materials, and eluted with 1.5 mol/l NaCl, which yielded a recovery of purified baculovirus of 85%. After ultracentrifugation, baculovirus titers increased from 200- to 700-fold with overall yields of 26–29%. We further show that baculovirus particles were infectious, normal in morphology and size, despite high-salt elution and shear forces used during purification and concentration. Our chromatography-based purification method is scalable and, together with ultracentrifugation and/or tangential flow filtration, will be suitable for large-scale manufacturing of baculovirus stocks for protein and vaccine production and in gene therapy applications

High-titer foamy virus vector transduction and integration sites of human CD34+ cell–derived SCID-repopulating cells

Foamy virus (FV) vectors are promising tools for gene therapy, but low titer is a major challenge for large-scale clinical trials. Here, we increased FV vector titer 50-fold by constructing novel vector plasmids and using polyethylenimine-mediated transfection. FV and lentiviral (LV) vectors were used separately to transduce human CD34+ cells at multiplicities of infection of 25, and those cells were transplanted into immunodeficient mice. FV vector transduction frequencies of repopulating human cells were 37.1 ± 1.9% in unstimulated cells and 36.9 ± 2.2% in prestimulated cells, and engraftment frequencies were 40.9 ± 4.9% in unstimulated cells and 47.1 ± 3.3% in prestimulated cells. Engraftment frequencies of FV vector-transduced cells were significantly higher than those of LV vector-transduced cells. Linear amplification-mediated PCR with Illumina paired-end runs showed that all human chromosomes contained FV provirus. FV had an integration preference near transcriptional start sites and CpG islands of RefSeq genes but not within genes. Repopulating lymphoid and myeloid cells contained common integration sites, suggesting that FV vector could transduce multilineage hematopoietic stem/progenitor populations. Our new FV vector backbone may be a suitable candidate for developing therapeutic FV vectors for use in clinical trials

A mutant fibrinogen that is unable to form fibrin can improve renal phenotype in mice with sickle cell anemia

Abstract Sickle cell anemia (SCA) causes nephropathy which may progress to kidney failure. To determine if soluble fibrinogen (FibAEK) can prevent kidney damage in mice with SCA, we performed bone marrow transplantation (BMT) of Berkeley sickle mice into wild‐type fibrinogen (FibWT), and FibAEK mice that bear a germ‐line mutation in fibrinogen Aα chain at thrombin cleavage site which prevents fibrin formation. We found improved albuminuria in SS FibAEK mice compared with SS FibWT mice at 12 months post‐BMT due to the reduced kidney fibrosis, ischemic lesions, and increased survival of podocytes in the glomeruli, but did not improve urine concentrating defect. Therefore, our study clarifies the distinct role of fibrinogen and fibrin in the renal pathology of SCA

Hepatitis C Virus Stabilizes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α and Stimulates the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor▿

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, which subsequently leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The overexpression of the angiogenic factors has been demonstrated in HCC. In this study, we investigated the potential of HCV gene expression in inducing angiogenesis. Our results show that HCV infection leads to the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). We further show that this stabilization was mediated via oxidative stress induced by HCV gene expression. The activation of NF-κB, STAT-3, PI3-K/AkT, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase was necessary for HIF-1α stabilization. HIF-1α induction in turn led to the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. By using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, we show that HCV-infected cells released angiogenic cytokines, leading to neovascularization in vivo. These results indicate the potential of HCV gene expression in angiogenesis