Determination of Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Pipe Irrigation Laterals and Water Distribution Pattern in Sandy Soil

Irrigation systems are well known for their low efficiencies. Microirrigation system is becoming popular even in humid areas because of the many advantages it offers. Microirrigation is really the first irrigation method that can potentially maximize productivity while conserving soil, water and fertilizer resources and simultaneously protecting the environment. Since a micro irrigation system can achieve very high application efficiency, it should be further explored even for supplemental irrigation in a high-rainfall tropical country like Malaysia, with annual rainfall exceeding 2500mm. Porous pipe is useful both for surface and subsurface micro irrigation systems and it can be used in a variety of ways to meet any irrigation need. However very little information is available about the discharge uniformity, operating characteristics and the moisture distribution pattern of porous pipe irrigation laterals. This research work on the hydraulics of two types of porous pipe was carried out to determine such performance criteria as the pressure-discharge relationship, pressure headloss, friction factor Reynolds number relationship and water dispersion in the soil. The water distribution pattern was observed in a soil box. Several lengths of imported porous pipes were subjected to various upstream pressure inputs to determine the average discharge along the lateral and the associated pressure losses

Virulence of entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae to sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) under osmotic stress

The aim of the present study was to investigate the virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (isolates PR1 and GT3) under osmotic stress condition. The virulence study of the fungus was conducted by three ways—growth (germination, vegetative growth and sporulation); enzymatic activities (chitinase, protease and lipase) of M. anisopliae and percentage mortality of Bemisia tabaci to M. anisopliae. Conidia of M. anisopliae were produced under different osmotic stress conditions as SDA medium as control, SDA medium with 0.5 M NaCl, SDA medium with 0.5 M KCl, SDA medium with 1 M NaCl and SDA medium with 1 M KCl. The germination percentage, vegetative growth, sporulation, chitinase and protease activities were highest for control of PR1 isolate, reaching up to 97 %, 4.1 cm and 6.6 × 106 conidia/ml, 2.6 mU/ml and 1.7 µg/ml/min, respectively. These values decreased up to 86.7 %, 3.6 cm and 4.1 × 106 conidia/ml, 1.6 mU/ml and 1.0 µg/ml/min, respectively under osmotic stress. The lipase activity was highest for 0.5 M NaCl of PR1 isolate, reaching up to 18.2 µmol/ml/min. The mortality percentage of B. tabaci was highest for control of PR1 and GT3 isolates, reaching up to 83.9 and 83.8 %, respectively. These values decreased up to 77.4 and 77.5 %, respectively under osmotic stress. This paper concludes that both the isolate PR1 and GT3 are virulent to B. tabaci under osmotic stress condition

Hydraulic performance of a porous pipe irrigation lateral made from recycled tyres

Irrigation systems are known for their low efficiencies. Efforts must be made to conserve water resource in view of a greater competition from domestic, industrial and other sectors of the economy. Since a micro irrigation system can achieve a very high application efficiency, it should be further explored even for supplemental irrigation in a humid tropical country like Malaysia. Porous pipe irrigation lateral is useful for both surface and subsurface applications. A subsurface installation saves more irrigation water, which would otherwise be lost through surface evaporation. However very little information is now available on the discharge uniformity and operating characteristics of the imported porous pipe currently available locally. This paper presents results of a study on hydraulic characteristics of a type of porous pipes manufactured from recycled tyres. As extruded membrane, the pipe allows water to pass through the pores of the wall at low pressures. The tiny openings are made automatically during the manufacturing process. Since it has regular openings, irrigation is localized in a wetted strip whether it is buried or laid on the ground surface. Pressure-discharge relationship, head loss and friction factor-Reynolds number relationship were evaluated. The porous pipe was tested with various pressure inputs for several different lengths to seek the average rates and discharge uniformity. The pipe acts as a lateral with multiple-emitters. The porous pipe was found to be very sensitive to pressure variation with discharge exponent near 1.0. The pipe friction loss was large since the inner wall was very rough compared to the normal polyethylene laterals and another type of porous pipe made from geotextile

Fever among the Ethnic Santal People in Bangladesh

Abstract The study tries to find out the scenario of black fever among the Santal people in Bangladesh. Santal patient health seeking behaviors related with their community people decision, free treatment consideration, preferable healthcare option. Those the entire thing is related with culture. The study is explorative and to some extent descriptive in nature that enforces to adopt mixed with qualitative and quantitative data as well as secondary and primary data. Research shows that 81% patient depend too much on treatment of indigenous physician (Kabiraj). Also barriers of accessing health care are the prevailing factor for health seeking behavior. 92% respondents said awareness and knowledge regarding black fever has too much impact. 43% people are influenced by church and Non-Governmental Organization (N.G.O) during decision making regarding treatment. 54% patients state that, skin turns into more black after taking medicine. Economic condition of lower class people has too much impact on health seeking behavior also. Santal people traditional practice is responsible attacked by black fever. If we will able to conscious ethnic people, dying and suffering regarding black fever will dissolve