Farm Tenancy In Robertson County, Texas

This study is based on data received from fifty Negro farmers engaged in permanent agriculture in Robertson County, Texas, It covers the types of farming and the farm incomes of the fifty Negro farmers chosen for the study. The material for this study was collected by personal survey, the assistance from the Negro county extension agents of Robertson County, Texas, plus a few private library references. Fifty Negro farmers representing a cross-section of Robertson County were very cooperative in providing the writer with the necessary information

Tack Coat Installation Performance Guidelines

A tack coat is a thin application of asphalt (typically emulsified) used to bond pavement layers together so that they act monolithically. Lack of bonding can lead to fatigue cracking, delamination, slippage and other distresses. This study was undertaken to explore the impacts of various tack coat materials, application rates, and other variables on tack coat performance. The ultimate original goal was to develop a tack coat quality acceptance system. As the study progressed, some of the original objectives and tasks were modified or dropped. Laboratory testing of lab- and field-fabricated specimens using a monotonic direct shear test was used to evaluate the factors of interest. The findings showed that the most commonly used tack materials in Indiana, AE-NT and SS-1h, can perform, with the AE-NT exhibiting somewhat better performance overall. INDOT’s tack specifications could be clarified. The current applications rates are reasonable but could be refined to provide more guidance for use on different types of surfaces, as widely recommended nationally. The use of spray pavers and alternate tack materials should be further explored. Planned spray paver trial projects could provide the opportunity to expand on the results of this project, to explore other test methods, gain more experience with shear testing, and assess typical tack applications on non-experimental projects to assess the state of the practice. Additional implementation studies may help to refine a performance test and criteria for use to assess tack coat quality. The importance of tack coats should be emphasized to contractors and field personnel

Evaluating the Mathematical Structure of the Self Via Subliminal Manipulation

The purpose of the present study was to experimentally manipulate Lefebvre's (1985, 2001) mathematical model of self-reflexion via subliminal priming. Lefebvre's model outlines a mathematical structure involved in the cognitive images people form of themselves and others. Two types of subliminal primes were used: mood induction (positive and negative) and interpersonal relationship style (harmonious and antagonistic). One hundred seven participants completed a repertory grid where they rated themselves and 18 other individuals in their lives on unique bipolar constructs (e.g., generous-stingy). Prior to conducting ratings, participants were either primed with a positive mood, a negative mood, a harmonious relationship style, an antagonistic relationship style, or received neutral primes. It was hypothesized that Lefebvre's mathematical model of self-reflexion could be used to predict positive judgment frequencies of the self and others in the repertory grids. The subliminal primes were targeted at altering specific variables within Lefebvre's model; hence affecting the positive judgment frequencies in the repertory grids. The present results generally failed to support the predictions. However, the current findings did replicate previous studies that predicted positive self and positive other frequencies in repertory grids. These results and those from previous studies suggest that the primes were ineffective. Future research should incorporate other types of manipulations, such as conscious priming, to provide a more valid test of Lefebvre's model.Department of Psycholog

Predicting moral judgment competence from developmental building blocks and moral emotions: A structural equation model

Scope and Method of Study: The purpose of the study was to explore the variables that impact moral judgment competence. Moral judgment competence was defined as the cognitive reasoning ability to be consistent in the application of moral principles across situations. It was hypothesized that the building blocks of moral development included one's family interactions (e.g., dysfunctional patterns), spiritual life, and ascription to different sources of moral authority (e.g., teachers and peers, religious institutions, and one's concern for society's welfare and human equality, etc.). These early developmental building blocks were hypothesized to foster individual moral emotional development in young adulthood, particularly empathy, shame, and guilt. These moral emotions were hypothesized to predict moral judgment competence in young adulthood. These hypothesized relationships were tested in a structural equation model that represents the first known attempt to combine moral developmental building blocks, moral emotions, and moral judgment competence. The current model also represents an attempt to bridge the two theoretical orientations of social learning/social cognition and cognitive structuralism. Lastly, the current model theorized a developmental trend such that as progression towards the prediction of the outcome variable of moral judgment competence occurs, the corresponding constructs occur at later points in the lifespan.Findings and Conclusions: A parsimonious set of analyses involving a three step process was chosen to test the model: (1) image factor analysis, (2) regression, and (3) LISREL fit statistics. The current structural equation model was found to be a poor overall fit for the observed data. However, the measurement model fit well in terms of factor loadings and the structural model showed promising relationships among constructs. There was no support found for the integration of the theoretical orientations of social learning/social cognition and cognitive structuralism. However, the present study creates novel theoretical contributions, generates a structural equation framework for future multi-construct research, and provides knowledge about presently unexplored relationships such as ascription to moral authority sources and moral emotions

Engineered Biosynthesis of Regioselectively Modified Aromatic Polyketides Using Bimodular Polyketide Synthases

Bacterial aromatic polyketides such as tetracycline and doxorubicin are a medicinally important class of natural products produced as secondary metabolites by actinomyces bacteria. Their backbones are derived from malonyl-CoA units by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The nascent polyketide chain is synthesized by the minimal PKS, a module consisting of four dissociated enzymes. Although the biosynthesis of most aromatic polyketide backbones is initiated through decarboxylation of a malonyl building block (which results in an acetate group), some polyketides, such as the estrogen receptor antagonist R1128, are derived from nonacetate primers. Understanding the mechanism of nonacetate priming can lead to biosynthesis of novel polyketides that have improved pharmacological properties. Recent biochemical analysis has shown that nonacetate priming is the result of stepwise activity of two dissociated PKS modules with orthogonal molecular recognition features. In these PKSs, an initiation module that synthesizes a starter unit is present in addition to the minimal PKS module. Here we describe a general method for the engineered biosynthesis of regioselectively modified aromatic polyketides. When coexpressed with the R1128 initiation module, the actinorhodin minimal PKS produced novel hexaketides with propionyl and isobutyryl primer units. Analogous octaketides could be synthesized by combining the tetracenomycin minimal PKS with the R1128 initiation module. Tailoring enzymes such as ketoreductases and cyclases were able to process the unnatural polyketides efficiently. Based upon these findings, hybrid PKSs were engineered to synthesize new anthraquinone antibiotics with predictable functional group modifications. Our results demonstrate that (i) bimodular aromatic PKSs present a general mechanism for priming aromatic polyketide backbones with nonacetate precursors; (ii) the minimal PKS controls polyketide chain length by counting the number of atoms incorporated into the backbone rather than the number of elongation cycles; and (iii) in contrast, auxiliary PKS enzymes such as ketoreductases, aromatases, and cyclases recognize specific functional groups in the backbone rather than overall chain length. Among the anthracyclines engineered in this study were compounds with (i) more superior activity than R1128 against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and (ii) inhibitory activity against glucose-6-phosphate translocase, an attractive target for the treatment of Type II diabetes

Thermoregulatory and Orthostatic Responses to Wearing the Advanced Crew Escape Suit

Current NASA flight rules limit the maximum cabin temperature (23.9 C) during re-entry and landing to protect crewmembers from heat stress while wearing the Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) and Liquid Cooling Garment (LCG). The primary purpose of this ground-based project was to determine whether the LCG could provide adequate cooling if ambient temperature reached 26.7 "C. The secondary objective was to determine whether there would be a graded effect of ambient temperature profiles with maximum temperatures of 23.9 (LO), 26.7 (MPD), and 29.4 C (HI). METHODS: Eight subjects underwent a 5-h temperature profile (22.8,26.7 C) in an environmental chamber while wearing the ACES and LCG. Subjects controlled the amount of cooling provided by the LCG. Core (T(sub core)),skin temperatures (T(sub sk)) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 15-min. A 10-minute stand test was administered pre- and post-chamber. Additionally, 4 subjects underwent the three 5-h temperature profiles (LO, MID, and HI) with the same measurements. RESULTS: In the 8 subjects completing the MID profile, T(sub core), and T(sub sk) decreased from the start' to the end of the chamber stay. Subjects completed the stand test without signs of orthostatic intolerance. In the 4 subjects who underwent all 3 profiles, there was no discernible pattern in T(sub core), T(sub sk), and HR responses across the temperature profiles. CONCLUSIONS: In the range of temperatures tested, subjects were able to sufficiently utilize the self-selected cooling to avoid any potential deleterious effects of wearing the ACES. However, these subjects were not microgravity exposed, which has been suggested to impair thermoregulation

Publisher Correction: An engineered human Fc domain that behaves like a pH-toggle switch for ultra-long circulation persistence.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper

Bone healing in an aged murine fracture model is characterized by sustained callus inflammation and decreased cell proliferation

Geriatric fractures take longer to heal and heal with more complications than those of younger patients; however, the mechanistic basis for this difference in healing is not well understood. To improve this understanding, we investigated cell and molecular differences in fracture healing between 5‐month‐old (young adult) and 25‐month‐old (geriatric) mice healing utilizing high‐throughput analysis of gene expression. Mice underwent bilateral tibial fractures and fracture calluses were harvested at 5, 10, and 20 days post‐fracture (DPF) for analysis. Global gene expression analysis was performed using Affymetrix MoGene 1.0 ST microarrays. After normalization, data were compared using ANOVA and evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), CTen, heatmap, and Incromaps analysis. PCA and cross‐sectional heatmap analysis demonstrated that DPF followed by age had pronounced effects on changes in gene expression. Both un‐fractured and 20 DPF aged mice showed increased expression of immune‐associated genes (CXCL8, CCL8, and CCL5) and at 10 DPF, aged mice showed increased expression of matrix‐associated genes, (Matn1, Ucma, Scube1, Col9a1, and Col9a3). Cten analysis suggested an enrichment of CD8+ cells and macrophages in old mice relative to young adult mice and, conversely, a greater prevalence of mast cells in young adult mice relative to old. Finally, consistent with the PCA data, the classic bone healing pathways of BMP, Indian Hedgehog, Notch and Wnt clustered according to the time post‐fracture first and age second. Clinical Significance: Greater understanding of age‐dependent molecular changes with healing will help form a mechanistic basis for therapies to improve patient outcomes. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:149–158, 2018.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142531/1/jor23652.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142531/2/jor23652_am.pd