Local churches and the conquest of the North : elite patronage and identity in Saxo-Norman Northumbria

The social implications of the Saxo-Norman transition are particularly intriguing in Northumbria, where Anglian, Scandinavian, and Norman social structures, identities, and traditions of material culture converged. In the north, where royal control was less secure and there was a history of political independence, negotiating the transition required a calculated balance of imposed authority and regard for the institutions of the past. Local churches, already established as a focal point of religious and secular manorial life, were one of the primary arenas in which this dialogue of power was carried out. Through an examination of the evidence for stone church buildings and funerary monuments in eleventh and twelfth-century Northumbria, this paper demonstrates how the elite utilized church patronage to negotiate authority and identity in a period of acute transition, and how the particular political and cultural characteristics of Yorkshire, County Durham, and Northumberland could affect this process

Helping Our Students Reach Their Full Potential: The Insidious Consequences of Stereotype Threat

A psychological phenomenon may be a significant cause of academic underachievement by minorities in law school. This phenomenon, called stereotype threat, occurs as a result of the fear of confirming a negative group stereotype (such as African-Americans are not as intelligent as Whites). When subject to this threat — as a consequence of being confronted with environmental or explicit triggers — people do worse in academic settings than they otherwise are capable of doing. In this article, I explore the implications of the research on stereotype threat for law schools and make several recommendations to deal with the threat. There are natural implications for law school admissions, of course. If a portion of our applicant pool is affected by stereotype threat, then we cannot trust the accuracy of the metrics we typically use in law school admissions, i.e., prior academic performance and LSAT scores of law school applicants. Indeed, those credentials actually may under-evaluate the academic potential of these applicants, who are often minority students. This should cause law schools to reevaluate their admissions policies. After students are admitted, law school provides fertile ground within which stereotype threat can flourish. This, of course, means that the performance of minorities in law school — in class, on exams, and in other areas — is likely to be diminished, such that many minorities will not perform up to their academic capacity. And, obviously, we would expect this same dynamic to play out on the bar exam. Law schools can address stereotype threat at each of these levels, and they should do so. This article lays out a framework for understanding and dealing with the threat

TRADE AGREEMENTS, COMPETITION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT: GRIDLOCK AT THE CROSSROADS: DISCUSSION

Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade,

Design study of test models of maneuvering aircraft configurations for the National Transonic Facility (NTF)

The feasibility of designing advanced technology, highly maneuverable, fighter aircraft models to achieve full scale Reynolds number in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) is examined. Each of the selected configurations are tested for aeroelastic effects through the use of force and pressure data. A review of materials and material processes is also included

An Examination of Equilibria in the Multi-Site Iterated Prisoner\u27s Dilemma

Iterated Prisoner\u27s Dilemma is a simple model for the interaction between two self-interested agents who can choose whether or not to cooperate with one another. Many real-world problems can be characterized in terms of the Iterated Prisoner\u27s Dilemma, from the militarization of rival nations to the tradeoff between gas mileage and safety when purchasing a vehicle. The game theoretic properties of Iterated Prisoner\u27s Dilemma are well understood, and previous research by Robert Axelrod into the performance of various strategies in a Darwinian environment is extensive. In this paper we extend Axelrod\u27s work by investigating the dynamics of the Iterated Prisoner\u27s Dilemma when multiple ``communities, each playing its own Iterated Prisoner\u27s Dilemma tournament, are allowed to interact and influence each other. Specifically, we examine the case when these communities are populated by players using two specific strategies: tit-for-tat and always-noncooperative. We begin with rigorous analysis of the underlying structure of the model in order to determine the conditions under which one of the two player types faces extinction. We then demonstrate that cooperative equilibria do exist, but a linear stability analysis indicates that these equilibria are unreachable in our proposed system

An economic analysis of the optimum sizes, number, and locations of Tennessee livestock auction markets

An efficient spatial organization of livestock auction markets in Tennessee would improve net prices received by livestock producers and/or reduce the cost of livestock to buyers. This study used separable programming to build a spatial model of Tennessee\u27s livestock auction market industry. The purpose of the model was to determine the optimal sizes, number, and locations of auction markets that minimize the combined annual costs of assembling (transporting) and marketing livestock through auctions in the State. Once this optimal solution was found, the model was re-solved under varying assumptions about livestock numbers and cost levels to analyze the effects of changes in these parameters on the optimal solution. Livestock numbers were both increased and decreased by 10 and by 25 percent. Transportation cost and marketing cost were each increased by 10 and by 25 percent. Since few barriers to interstate movement of livestock exist, the area of study consisted of Tennessee and parts of surrounding states within 50 miles of Tennessee\u27s border. This area encompassed 238 counties, each of which was considered an origin for livestock and a potential market site in the mathematical model. Data for input into the separable programming model came from several sources. Estimates of the expected annual volume of livestock marketed in the supply area were derived from livestock inventory data for each county. Transportation cost was estimated using an economic engineering approach to develop transportation cost budgets for typical loads of livestock. Transportation cost was estimated to be $0,226 per mile per livestock unit in 1983. These typical loads of livestock were identified from the results of surveys of 275 individuals hauling livestock to auction markets in Tennessee. The cost of transporting a livestock unit was computed for all potential market destinations within 50 air-miles of each origin. The cost of marketing was estimated by Spielman in a previous study (1978) and was adjusted to reflect costs in 1983. The basic model (Model I) was expanded to include the reduction in buyer operating costs due to increased market volume. This modified model was designated as Model II. It was hypothesized that buyers realize cost savings by attending auction markets with large volumes. These costs savings were thought to exist for two reasons. One reason is that at large sales, buyers should be able to acquire full, uniform loads for shipment, eliminating the cost of intermediate assembly between auction markets. The second reason cost savings may exist is that if a buyer must attend more small sales to fill orders than would have been necessary if large sales had been attended, extra costs accrue in the form of travel time, mileage, food, and lodging. The negative relationship between buyer costs and market volume was included in the mathematical model by using a positive relationship between market price and market volume as a proxy for the buyer cost savings attributable to market volume. This positive price--volume relationship was estimated using regression analysis on 1982 and 1983 price and volume data from 16 Tennessee auction markets for feeder cattle, cull sows, and cull cows. The results of Model I show the optimal number of auction markets in Tennessee to be 47, a reduction of seven from the 54 markets actually in operation during 1983. This solution was somewhat stable in response to changes in the model\u27s parameters. With one exception, in all variations of Model I a reduction from the currently existing market number was shown to be desirable. For the model version with transportation cost increased 25 percent above 1983 levels, an increase in market numbers to 56 was found to be optimal for the State. For Model II, which considers the reduction in buyer costs associated with larger market volume, the optimal number of markets in Tennessee was found to be 19. This solution was very stable under changes in the cost parameters of the model, but was sensitive to changes in livestock numbers. In response to a 25 percent increase in livestock numbers, market numbers increased by four in the optimal solution for Tennessee. When livestock numbers were decreased by the same percentage, market numbers declined by five. The results of this study show that improvements in the efficiency of Tennessee\u27s livestock auction market industry are possible through a reduction in the number of markets in the State. The policy implications of this study are that licensing of new markets in the State should be done with consideration of the optimal locations identified in this study, and with the long term goal of reducing the number of auction markets in the State

Methods for artificially rearing colostrum-deprived and early weaned pigs with subsequent survival, performance and serum profile

A preliminary study (Study 1) utilizing 145 orphaned pigs was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of artificially rearing pigs which were colostrum deprived or allowed to nurse 4, 48 or 72 hours. Pigs were derived by cesarean section (118) or natural birth (27) on days 112 (36), 113 (57) or 114 (52) of gestation. Survival of colostrum-deprived pigs and pigs which were allowed to nurse for 4, 48 or 72 hours was 16 and 83.3, 94 and 94%, respectively. Pigs consumed approximately 9.8 lbs. of dry milk replacer between birth and 21 days of age. Daily gains of all pigs averaged .31 lb to 21 days and .55 lb to 42 days. Two additional studies were conducted to assess the value of feeding lyophilized porcine serum and bovine colostrum to orphaned pigs reared in a practical environment. Each study included 5 treatments, among which were positive (sow-reared) and negative (milk replacer only) controls. Study 2 pigs were fed lyophilized serum combined with milk replacer for 36 hours, 5 days or allowed to nurse for 3 6 hours (treatments 1,2 and 3, respectively). Study 3 pigs were intermittently dosed with a total of 160 ml of reconstituted lyophilized serum, colostrum or previously frozen colostrum (treatments 1,2 and 3, respectively). Eight (Study 2) and 5 (Study 3) newborn pigs averaging 3.1 lbs. were assigned to each treatment. Blood samples were obtained at birth, 36 hours postpartum and weekly thereafter to obtain hematological data. In Study 2, survival of nursed pigs (36h vs. sow-reared) did not differ (87.5%). Both nursed groups had improved (P \u3c .05) survival as compared to pigs on treatments 1 and 2 (37.5 and 37.5%), which was better (P \u3c .05) than that of negative control pigs (12.5%). In Study 3, survival of sow-reared pigs (100%) also was greater than that of pigs in other groups. Survival rates of pigs on treatments 1,2 and 3 were (40, 60 and 40%, respectively) and was an advantage over survival of negative control pigs (20%). In Study 3 total globulin and serum protein levels were higher (P \u3c .001) at 36 hours in nursed pigs (4.5 and 7.2 g/dl, respectively) than in treated pigs (1.9 and 3.6 g/dl, respectively). Treated pigs had higher (p \u3c .001) globulin and protein levels than did negative control pigs (0.83 and 3.0 g/dl, respectively). There were no significant differences in weight gains for pigs on any of the treatments. Feed:gain ratios varied among treatments but were not significantly different and averaged 1.1 lb. of dry milk replacer per lb. of gain

Colostrum supplementation and intestinal transmission of macromolecules in neonatal swine

Three experiments were conducted utilizing 142 newborn (Hampshire X Yorkshire x Landrace) pigs. The major objectives were: 1) to examine the efficiency of a simple supplement to maternal colostrum for improving serum IgG concentration, energy status and survival rate of low-birthweight pigs; 2) to examine the effects of Ig concentrate, soybean trypsin inhibitor and L acidophilus on acquisition of passive immunity. Supplementation of low-birthweight pigs, in Experiment I, tended to improve survival rate to 7 but not to 28 d of age. Neither serum IgG nor glucose were affected by supplementation. Subsequent work revealed methods to improve the efficiency of a supplemental mixture such as the one used in Experiment I. When BSA was used as a marker protein, addition of 50 mg*mL-1 of IgG concentrate to the mixture resulted in a 40 percent increase in serum BSA concentration. Incorporation of SBTI (5 mg*mL-1) into the supplement resulted in an additional increase in BSA concentration, and an improved (P \u3c .001) serum concentration of PIgG as compared to only Ig concentrate and BSA in the mixture. In Experiments II and III, incorporation of L. acidophilus into the mixtures resulted in less efficient intestinal transmission of proteins in pigs which were deprived of maternal colostrum. This effect was amplified by increasing the L. acidophilus from 108 to 1010 CPU mL-1. Removal of L. acidophilus from the mixture by centrifugation did not result in a decreased concentration of BIgG. This eliminated the assumption that BIgG*L. acidophilus complexes were being formed in great enough quantity to cause decreased BIgG. Similar reductions in serum concentrations ot BIgG, as a result of feeding mixtures containing L. acidopilus, were not observed in pigs which were allowed access to maternal colostrum during the first 12 h of lite. This was likely due to dilution and frequent bathing of the intestine with maternal colostrum. From these experiments, it was concluded that increased protein concentration and SBTI had a positive effect on intestinal transmission of macromolecules in neonatal pigs which were deprived of maternal colostrum and could be used to improve supplement efficiency. However, incorporation of L. acidophilus into mixtures developed to improve passive immunity in neonatal pigs which are deprived of maternal colostrum is not recommended, since macromolecular transmission was reduced due to their presence. The mechanism by which this occurred is not clear and justifies further study

Nutrition Education in Clark County, Nevada

Over 51 million school hours are missed annually by school-aged children due to a dental problem or visit, with 117 hours missed per 100 children (NIDCR, 2002). Approximately half a million of California\u27s 7.2 million school-age children missed at least one day of school in 2007 because of dental issues such as toothaches (Pourat, & Nicholson, 2009). Independent research regarding various educational and intervention programs have been conducted in elementary schools across the country that focus on nutrition and/or physical activity, some of which have found that the programs positively impacted students’ dietary behaviors (Edwards, Mauch, & Winkelman, 2011; Muth, Chatterjee, Williams, Cross, & Flower, 2008; Tuuri et al., 2009). However, there does not appear to be literature regarding the standardization of nutrition and oral health education curricula for elementary school children. Nevertheless, there are school districts that have well structured health education curricula that cover nutrition and oral health education (California Department of Education, 2009; Central Michigan University, 2005). All of these reports are in agreement with Dietz, et al (2008) which reported that nutrition and oral hygiene education should be an integral part of keeping growing children healthy and forming good nutrition habits that will carry into adulthood