20 research outputs found
Comment on 'A generalized Helmholtz theorem for time-varying vector fields by A. M. Davis, [Am. J. Phys. 74, 72-76 (2006)]'
In a recent paper Davis formulated a generalized Helmholtz theorem for a
time-varying vector field in terms of the Lorenz gauge retarded potentials. The
purposes of this comment are to point out that Davis's generalization of the
theorem is a version of the extension of the Helmholtz theorem formulated some
years ago by McQuistan and also by Jefimenko and more recently by the present
author and to show that Davis's expression for the time-dependent vector field
is also valid for potentials in gauges other than the Lorenz gau
Can Maxwell's equations be obtained from the continuity equation?
We formulate an existence theorem that states that given localized scalar and
vector time-dependent sources satisfying the continuity equation, there exist
two retarded fields that satisfy a set of four field equations. If the theorem
is applied to the usual electromagnetic charge and current densities, the
retarded fields are identified with the electric and magnetic fields and the
associated field equations with Maxwell's equations. This application of the
theorem suggests that charge conservation can be considered to be the
fundamental assumption underlying Maxwell's equations.Comment: 14 pages. See the comment: "O. D. Jefimenko, Causal equations for
electric and magnetic fields and Maxwell's equations: comment on a paper by
Heras [Am. J. Phys. 76, 101 (2008)].
Closing the gaps. A framework for understanding policies and actions to address losses and damages
Global failures to mitigate and adapt to the climate crisis are causing massive losses and costly damages to the lives, livelihoods, and futures of communities around the world. Efforts to address the issue have been highly insufficient, and national and international humanitarian response systems are already overstretched and underfunded. There is a moral imperative to act in solidarity with those who are suffering now, and to develop an approach that will protect generations to come. This policy brief from the Zurich Flood Resilience Alliances explains how we got to this point, and makes urgent recommendations outlining how the international community can to scale up action, and resource a comprehensive approach to averting, minimizing, and addressing losses and damages
Comment on 'Helmholtz theorem and the v-gauge in the problem of superluminal and instantaneous signals in classical electrodynamics,' by Chubykalo et al [Found. of Phys. Lett, 19, 37-46 (2006)]
Fundamental errors in the Chubykalo et al paper [Found. of Phys. Lett, 19,
37-46 (2006)] are highlighted. Contrary to their claim that "... the
irrotational component of the electric field has a physical meaning and can
propagate exclusively instantaneously," it is shown that this instantaneous
component is physically irrelevant because it is always canceled by a term
contained into the solenoidal component. This result follows directly from the
solution of the wave equation that satisfies the solenoidal component.
Therefore the subsequent inference of these authors that there are two
mechanisms of transmission of energy and momentum in classical electrodynamics,
one retarded and the other one instantaneous, has no basis. The example given
by these authors in which the full electric field of an oscillating charge
equals its instantaneous irrotational component on the axis of oscillations is
proved to be false.Comment: An alternative discussion can be found in the paper: Jose A. Heras,
"How potentials in different gauges yield the same retarded electric and
magnetic fields," Am. J. Phys. 75, 176-183 (2007
Directed motion emerging from two coupled random processes: Translocation of a chain through a membrane nanopore driven by binding proteins
We investigate the translocation of a stiff polymer consisting of M monomers
through a nanopore in a membrane, in the presence of binding particles
(chaperones) that bind onto the polymer, and partially prevent backsliding of
the polymer through the pore. The process is characterized by the rates: k for
the polymer to make a diffusive jump through the pore, q for unbinding of a
chaperone, and the rate q kappa for binding (with a binding strength kappa);
except for the case of no binding kappa=0 the presence of the chaperones give
rise to an effective force that drives the translocation process. Based on a
(2+1) variate master equation, we study in detail the coupled dynamics of
diffusive translocation and (partial) rectification by the binding proteins. In
particular, we calculate the mean translocation time as a function of the
various physical parameters.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, IOP styl
Early Warning Systems and Their Role in Disaster Risk Reduction
In this chapter, we introduce early warning systems (EWS) in the context of disaster risk reduction, including the main components of an EWS, the roles of the main actors and the need for robust evaluation. Management of disaster risks requires that the nature and distribution of risk are understood, including the hazards, and the exposure, vulnerability and capacity of communities at risk. A variety of policy options can be used to reduce and manage risks, and we emphasise the contribution of early warnings, presenting an eight-component framework of people-centred early warning systems which highlights the importance of an integrated and all-society approach. We identify the need for decisions to be evidence-based, for performance monitoring and for dealing with errors and false information. We conclude by identifying gaps in current early warning systems, including in the social components of warning systems and in dealing with multi-hazards, and obstacles to progress, including issues in funding, data availability, and stakeholder engagement
Recommended from our members
Science for loss and damage. Findings and propositions
The debate on “Loss and Damage” (L&D) has gained traction over the last few years. Supported by growing scientific evidence of anthropogenic climate change amplifying frequency, intensity and duration of climate-related hazards as well as observed increases in climate-related impacts and risks in many regions, the “Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage” was established in 2013 and further supported through the Paris Agreement in 2015. Despite advances, the debate currently is broad, diffuse and somewhat confusing, while concepts, methods and tools, as well as directions for policy remain vague and often contested. This book, a joint effort of the Loss and Damage Network—a partnership effort by scientists and practitioners from around the globe—provides evidence-based insight into the L&D discourse by highlighting state-of-the-art research conducted across multiple disciplines, by showcasing applications in practice and by providing insight into policy contexts and salient policy options. This introductory chapter summarises key findings of the twenty-two book chapters in terms of five propositions. These propositions, each building on relevant findings linked to forward-looking suggestions for research, policy and practice, reflect the architecture of the book, whose sections proceed from setting the stage to critical issues, followed by a section on methods and tools, to chapters that provide geographic perspectives, and finally to a section that identifies potential policy options. The propositions comprise (1) Risk management can be an effective entry point for aligning perspectives and debates, if framed comprehensively, coupled with climate justice considerations and linked to established risk management and adaptation practice; (2) Attribution science is advancing rapidly and fundamental to informing actions to minimise, avert, and address losses and damages; (3) Climate change research, in addition to identifying physical/hard limits to adaptation, needs to more systematically examine soft limits to adaptation, for which we find some evidence across several geographies globally; (4) Climate risk insurance mechanisms can serve the prevention and cure aspects emphasised in the L&D debate but solidarity and accountability aspects need further attention, for which we find tentative indication in applications around the world; (5) Policy deliberations may need to overcome the perception that L&D constitutes a win-lose negotiation “game” by developing a more inclusive narrative that highlights collective ambition for tackling risks, mutual benefits and the role of transformation
Should PGY-1 Be mandatory in dental education? Two viewpoints viewpoint 1: PGY-1 provides benefits that support making it mandatory
This Point/Counterpoint considers whether a general dentistry postgraduate year one (PGY-1) residency should be required for all new graduates who do not pursue specialty training. Currently, New York and Delaware require PGY-l for dental licensure, while other states offer it as an alternative to a clinical examination for obtaining licensure. Viewpoint 1 supports the position that PGY-l should be mandatory by presenting evidence that PGY-l residencies fulfill new graduates\u27 need for additional clinical training, enhance their professionalism and practice management skills, and improve access to care. The authors also discuss two barriers - the limited number of postdoctoral positions and the high cost - and suggest ways to overcome them. In contrast, Viewpoint 2 opposes mandatory PGY-l training. While these authors consider the same core concepts as Viewpoint 1 (education and access to care), they present alternative methods for addressing perceived educational shortcomings in predoctoral curricula. They also examine the competing needs of underserved populations and residents and the resulting impact on access to care, and they discuss the potential conflict of interest associated with asking PGY-1 program directors to assess their residents\u27 competence for licensure