The Relationship of Motility Problems to Reading Problems

In summary, the ophthalmologist\u27s role in caring for dyslectic children is simply caring for ocular problems. It is rather easy to separate the ocular defects from the nebulous concepts of dyslexia or learning disability. It is also easy to make the decision when and to what degree ophthalmological care is indicated with a clear and attainable goal in sight. Eye exercises or so-called visual training have virtually no value. Practically, the ophthalmologist\u27s most valuable tool in caring for dyslexia is honesty about his results

What the Supreme Court Giveth, the Supreme Court Taketh Away - \u3cem\u3eGardner v. Gardner\u3c/em\u3e

This Note reviews the Ruark decision and the cases decided in the wake of its expansive foreseeability test. It then analyzes the court\u27s application of the factors established in Ruark to the facts of Gardner and questions the court\u27s failure to establish more specific standards for determining foreseeability in negligent infliction of emotional distress cases. Next, this Note explores the possible effects of Gardner. This Note concludes that the Court should have set forth clearer standards to better guide the lower courts in deciding when a plaintiff has stated a proper claim and suggests how the foreseeability test could be limited to strike a balance between the extremes of compensating any person who suffers distress as a result of an injury to a family member and denying compensation to those who witness the injury or death of a close family member and as a result suffers severe emotional distress

The Disappearance of the Head of Osceola

During the last few years interest in Osceola has been increased by the controversy between Florida and South Carolina over the grave of the famous Seminole chief. South Carolina has the headless bones of Osceola, buried on Sullivan’s Island in Charleston harbor, where he died in Fort Moultrie, and Floridians think that the grave should be in Florida where he lived, and refused to leave voluntarily

Political factors affecting the establishment and growth of Richard Bland College of the College of William and Mary in Virginia 1958-1972

The purpose of this study was to both identify and analyze those major political factors which had a significant impact on the establishment and growth of Richard Bland College. The study was also designed to record a significant period in the history of a two-year branch college and to provide insight into the political nature and developments of a changing Southside Virginia.;It was hypothesized that the establishment and growth of Richard Bland College was based largely on decisions of a political nature rather than on sound academic planning. Further, the effective use of politics enabled the institution to survive many of the crises it faced during the period 1958 to 1972.;The historical method of research was used in writing about the establishment and growth of Richard Bland College. This method allowed for the examination of primary source documents, the obtaining of oral testimony from participants and observers, and the scrutiny of relationships among people, places, and events.;It was concluded that politics permeated every major decision that was related to the establishment and growth of the institution. The role played by local, state, and national political figures and the rivalry that existed among local political sub-divisions materially affected Richard Bland College during the period being considered. Decisions of a political nature which related to nearby public and private colleges also affected Richard Bland.;Further research into the post 1971 period is needed to analyze the changing social nature of Southside Virginia and to determine the effect of neighboring colleges on the future of Richard Bland. The future viability of the institution might be studied in light of state and national educational decisions

Home schoolers transition to public schools in West Virginia

This study investigated the issues embedded in the transition of home schooled students entering or reentering public school in West Virginia. The research was primarily qualitative, however; quantitative research was also employed. Two rounds of interviews, for a total of 46 interviews, were conducted over an eight month period. The interviews included three families and their children who had been home schooled and were returning to public school. The public school teachers who had the returning students placed in their classrooms were also interviewed. The following questions guided the research: (1) What were the factors that influenced the home schooling family\u27s decision to enter their children in public school? (2) What do home schooling families believe public schools currently do and/or should do to support their children in their transition from home to school? (3) What is the experience that home schooling students have upon entering public schools and what could the public schools do to participate in that experience? and (4) What are the critical issues embedded in the transition from home schooling to public schools for parents, children and educators? Major findings from the study included: (1) A key factor the in home schooling family\u27s decision to enroll their children in public schools was to establish positive social interactions with peers and teachers; (2) Support received by the returning home schooled student from public schools, i.e., classroom teachers, is haphazard and is more apt to be academic rather than emotional support; (3) Public schools need to take an active role in the transition of returning home schooled students; (4) Conferences should be held among public school educators, home schooling parents and students before the child enters public school; (5) The development of positive social relationships by the returning student is key to the successful transition back to public school and (6) Dual enrollment in public school and home school should be considered as an option for students

Updating an International Medical Device Standard: A Process for Audible Alarms

Many human factors and ergonomics problems are associated with clinical alarms, usaually referred to as ‘alarm fatigue’. Among these problems is the nature of auditory signals used to attract attention, as these signals are often difficult to learn, easily confusable, and sometimes prone to masking. Symptomatic of this problem is the poor quality of the audible alarms associated with a global medical device safety standard, IEC 60601-1-8. A project aimed at improving and updating these sounds according to best practice is being carried out. This paper charts the progress of this venture and summarizes the results and the published papers which present those results

Classifying Alarms: Seeking Durability, Credibility, Consistency, and Simplicity

Alongside the development and testing of new audible alarms intended to support International Electrotechnical Commission 60601-1-8, a global standard concerned with alarm safety, the categories of risk that the standard denotes require further thought and possible updating. In this article, we revisit the origins of the categories covered by the standard. These categories were based on the ways that tissue damage can be caused. We consider these categories from the varied professional perspectives of the authors: human factors, semiotics, clinical practice, and the patient or family (layperson). We conclude that while the categories possess many clinically applicable and defensible features from our range of perspectives, the advances in alarm design now available may allow a more flexible approach. We present a three-tier system with superordinate, basic, and subordinate levels that fit both within the thinking embodied in the current standard and possible new developments

Recommendation of New Medical Alarms based on Audibility, Identifiability, and Detectability in a Randomized, Simulation-Based Study

Accurate and timely identification of existing audible medical alarms is not adequate in clinical settings. New alarms that are easily heard, quickly identifiable, and discernable from one another are indicated. The "auditory icons" (brief sounds that serve as metaphors for the events they represent) have been proposed as a replacement to the current international standard. The objective was to identify the best performing icons based on audibility and performance in a simulated clinical environment. Three sets of icon alarms were designed using empirical methods. Subjects participated in a series of clinical simulation experiments that examined the audibility, identification accuracy, and response time of each of these icon alarms. A statistical model that combined the outcomes was used to rank the alarms in overall efficacy. We constructed the "best" and "worst" performing sets based on this ranking and prospectively validated these sets in a subsequent experiment with a new subject sample. Experiments were conducted in simulated ICU settings at the University of Miami. Medical trainees were recruited from a convenience sample of nursing students and anesthesia residents at the institution. In Experiment 1 (formative testing), subjects were exposed to one of the three sets of alarms; identical setting and instruments were used throughout. In Experiment 2 (summative testing), subjects were exposed to one of the two sets of alarms, assembled from the best and worst performing alarms from Experiment 1. For each alarm, we determined the minimum sound level to reach audibility threshold in the presence of background clinical noise, identification accuracy (percentage), and response time (seconds). We enrolled 123 medical trainees and professionals for participation (78 with < 6 yr of training). We identified the best performing icon alarms for each category, which matched or exceeded the other candidate alarms in identification accuracy and response time. We propose a set of eight auditory icon alarms that were selected through formative testing and validated through summative testing for adoption by relevant regulatory bodies and medical device manufacturers