PROPERTIES OF H-SETS, KATETOV SPACES AND H-CLOSED EXTENSIONS WITH COUNTABLE REMAINDER

In this work we obtain results related to H-sets, Katetov spaces and H-closed extensions with countable remainder. As we shall see, these three areas are closely related but the results of each section carry their own definite flavor. Our first results concern finding cardinality bounds of H-sets in Urysohn spaces. In particular, a Urysohn space X is constructed which has an H-set A with |A| > 2 2ψ(X), where ψ(X) is the closed pseudocharacter of the space X. The space provides a counterexample to Fedeli's question in [16]. In addition, it is demonstrated that there is no θ-continuous map from a compact Hausdorff space to the space X with the H-set A as the image, giving a Urysohn counterexample to Vermeer's conjecture in [51]. Finally, it is shown that the cardinality of an H-set in a Urysohn space X is bounded by 2χ(X(s)), where χ(X) is the character of X and X(s) is the semiregularization of X. This refines Bella's result in [4] that the cardinality of such an H-set is bounded by 2χ(X). The next section concerns the relationship of H-sets and Katetov spaces. We recall that a Katetov space can be embedded as an H-set in some space. Herrlich showed in [23] that the space of rational numbers, Q, is not Katetov. Later Porter and Vermeer [41] refined this result with the fact that countable Katetov spaces are scattered. We obtain a similar refinement of Herrlich's result, and a generalization under an additional set-theoretic assumption. Our results include that a countable crowded space cannot be embedded as an H-set and that, assuming the Continuum Hypothesis, neither can the minimal η1 space. Chapter 4 investigates necessary and sufficient conditions for a space to have an H-closed extension with countable remainder. For countable spaces we are able to give two characterizations of those spaces admitting an H-closed extension with countable remainder. The general case appears more difficult, however, we arrive at a necessary condition - a generalization of Cech completeness, and several sufficient conditions for a space to have an H-closed extension with countable remainder. In particular, using the notation of Csaszar in [11], we show that a space X is a Cech g-space if and only if X is Gδ in σX or equivalently if EX is Cech complete. An example of a space which is a Cech f -space but not a Cech g-space is given answering a couple of questions of Csaszar. We show that if X is a Cech g-space and R(EX), the residue of EX, is Lindelof, then X has an H-closed extension with countable remainder. Finally, we investigate some natural extensions of the residue to the class of all Hausdorff spaces

Why was Iraq Invaded in 2003?

This research seeks to provide an analysis of why the invasion of Iraq occurred in 2003. War is not an event that emerges in isolation; therefore this research will provide an examination of the historical animosity that existed between Iraq and the US starting with the Gulf War due to the familial connection between Bush presidents. The research will also provide analysis of the changes to the international environment in the late 20th Century and early 21st Century that contributed to the emergence of a permissive environment that increased the likelihood of this war occurring. Finally, due to their predominance in the Bush Jnr Administration the research will centre on the neoconservatives of the Project for the New American Century. It will analyse their ideology and their exploitation of the permissive environment created by the war on terror and their positions of authority within the Bush administration to fulfil their vendetta against Saddam Hussein. This research argues that the neoconservatives were able to take advantage of the opportunities that emerged within the international system to convince the President, Congress and a significant section of the public to support the intervention in Iraq

A nod in the wrong direction : Does nonverbal feedback affect eyewitness confidence in interviews?

Eyewitnesses can be influenced by an interviewer's behaviour and report information with inflated confidence as a result. Previous research has shown that positive feedback administered verbally can affect the confidence attributed to testimony, but the effect of non-verbal influence in interviews has been given little attention. This study investigated whether positive or negative non-verbal feedback could affect the confidence witnesses attribute to their responses. Participants witnessed staged CCTV footage of a crime scene and answered 20 questions in a structured interview, during which they were given either positive feedback (a head nod), negative feedback (a head shake) or no feedback. Those presented with positive non-verbal feedback reported inflated confidence compared with those presented with negative non-verbal feedback regardless of accuracy, and this effect was most apparent when participants reported awareness of the feedback. These results provide further insight into the effects of interviewer behaviour in investigative interviewsPeer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Lower Limb Radiology of Distal Myopathy due to the S60F Myotilin Mutation

Distal myopathies are a clinically and genetically heterogenous group of disorders in which the distal limb musculature is selectively or disproportionately affected. Precisely defining specific categories is a challenge because of overlapping clinical phenotypes, making it difficult to decide which of the many known causative genes to screen in individual cases. In this study we define the distinguishing magnetic resonance imaging findings in myotilin myopathy by studying 8 genealogically unrelated cases due to the same point mutation in TTID. Proximally, the vastii, biceps femoris and semimembranosus were involved with sparing of gracilis and sartorius. Distally, soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, extensor hallicus and extensor digitorum were involved. This pattern contrasts with other distal myopathies and provides further support for the role of imaging in the clinical investigation of muscle disease. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Base

The Saliency of Gestural Misinformation in the Perception of a Violent Crime

This is the accepted manuscript version of the following article: Daniel J. gurney, Louise R. Ellis & Emily Vardn-Hynard, ‘The saliencey of gestural misinformation in the perception of a violent crime’, Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 22(7): 651-665, first published online 18 April 2016. The version of record is available online via doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1174860 Published by Taylor & Francis Online.Recent research has revealed that misinformation from gestures can influence eyewitness memory. However, while the effects of verbal influence have been shown to have major impacts on prosecution, gestural misinformation is yet to demonstrate misinformation effects to this extent. To investigate the salience of suggestions provided nonverbally, and how these compare to those made verbally, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, participants watched footage of a crime scene and were presented with one of two types of gestures during questioning that suggested different interpretations of the crime. The results confirmed that the gestures influenced responses with participants altering their interpretation of the crime according to the information gestured to them. Experiment 2 built on this to investigate how comparable this gestural influence was to verbal influence. The results revealed that gestural misinformation caused participants to alter their interpretation of the crime and elicited the same effects as verbal misinformation. Additionally, participants were less likely to have felt misled from gestures as they were from speech. These results reveal new insights into the strength of gestural misinformation and show that, despite their subtle nature in communication, gestures can exert a powerful influence in eyewitness interviews.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Revisors uavhengighet i et brukerperspektiv : En studie av kredittinstitusjoners og revisorers syn på uavhengigheten til de forskjellige nivåene i revisjonshierarkiet

Masteroppgave revisjon og regnskap BE508 - Universitetet i Agder 2017Reguleringen av revisors uavhengighet har historisk sett gjennomgått stadige forandringer. Spesielt som følge av enorme skandaler i revisjonsbransjen, har offentlige organ og bransjen selv iverksatt tiltak for å beholde samfunnets tillit til revisor og revisors arbeid gjennom å sikre revisors tilsynelatende og faktiske uavhengighet. Denne masteroppgaven tar sikte på å belyse synspunktene til regnskapsbrukere i forbindelse med revisor og revisjonsmedarbeideres håndtering av sin uavhengighet. Regnskapsbrukernes meninger vil bli sammenlignet med hvordan praktiserende revisorer selv behandler sin uavhengighet samt deres tolkning av dagens lovverk. Vår gjennomgang av tidligere forskning og lovutarbeidelser tyder på at det er enkelte områder ved revisors uavhengighet som mangler relevant forskning. Dette gjelder spesielt i forbindelse med den bevisste og ubevisste tilknytningen mellom revisor og klient som oppstår på grunn av bekjentskap og egeninteresser. Det argumenteres ofte for at det er essensielt at tilliten til revisor består, men det er ikke gjort mye empirisk forskning rundt hvordan regnskapsbrukere selv ønsker at revisor skal opptre for å ha uavhengighet i behold. Revisors uavhengighet kan påvirkes av et betydelig antall faktorer, vi har av den grunn valgt å fokusere studien på trusselen ved revisors tilknytning til klienter, som definert av Tepalagul & Lin (2015). Vi forholder oss til syv deltrusler for å uttrykke hvordan denne hovedtrusselen kan påvirke revisors uavhengighet: Revisors eller revisjonsmedarbeideres mulighet til (1) deltagelse på arrangementer i regi av klienter; (2) mottakelse av gaver fra klienter; (3) å ha eierandel i klienter; (4) å ha nærstående med forbindelse til klienter; (5) å gå inn i arbeidstakerforhold hos klienter, og (6) å revidere en klient hvor de tidligere har hatt et arbeidstakerforhold; (7) å ha incentivordninger hos revisjonsselskapet de arbeider i. Truslene brukes i dybdeintervjuer med fem respondenter som er regnskapsbrukere, og tre respondenter som er revisorer. Regnskapsbrukerne blir spurt om hvordan de ønsker at revisor skal håndtere sin uavhengighet ved hver av truslene, der revisorer blir spurt om hvordan de ville håndtert truslene med bakgrunn i deres erfaring som revisor. Truslene blir også dekomponert til å gjelde fire grupper ansatte i revisjonsselskap for å fremheve flere aspekter rundt hvilke tilknytninger som respondentene mener kan oppstå mellom revisor og klienter. V Studien belyser situasjoner hvor respondentenes meninger varierer. Samtlige regnskapsbrukere påpekte en eller flere trusler hvor revisorene var mindre restriktiv i deres praksis enn hva regnskapsbrukerne forventet. Spesielt i forhold til den første trusselen, revisors deltakelse på arrangement i regi av klientene, var det stor variasjon i meningene til respondentene. Dette kan indikere at revisors forståelse av retningslinjene, eller retningslinjene i seg selv, ikke følger det som regnskapsbrukerne forventer, og at regnskapsbrukerne har overdreven tillit til revisors uavhengighe

Inhibition of Ape1 nuclease activity by lead, iron, and cadmium.

Many environmental metals are co-carcinogens, eliciting their effects via inhibition of DNA repair. Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (Ape1) is the major mammalian abasic endonuclease and initiates repair of this cytotoxic/mutagenic lesion by incising the DNA backbone via a Mg(2+)-dependent reaction. In this study we examined the effects of arsenite [As(III)], cadmium [Cd(II)], cobalt [Co(II)], iron [Fe(II)], nickel [Ni(II)], and lead [Pb(II)] at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 100 microM on the incision activity of Ape1 in the presence of 1 mM MgCl(subscript)2(/subscript). Pb(II) and Fe(II) inhibited Ape1 activity at each of the concentrations tested, with an IC(subscript)50(/subscript) (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 0.61 and 1.0 microM, respectively. Cd(II) also inhibited Ape1 activity but only at concentrations > 10 microM. No inhibition was seen with As(III), Co(II), or Ni(II). A similar inhibition pattern was observed with the homologous Escherichia coli protein, exonuclease III, but no inhibition was seen with the structurally distinct AP endonuclease E. coli endonuclease IV, indicating a targeted effect of Pb(II), Fe(II), and Cd(II) on the Ape1-like repair enzymes. Excess nonspecific DNA did not abrogate the metal inactivation, suggesting a protein-specific effect. Notably, Cd(II), Fe(II), and Pb(II) [but not As(III), Co(II), or Ni(II)] inhibited AP endonuclease activity in whole-cell extracts but had no significant effect on single nucleotide gap filling, 5'-flap endonuclease, and nick ligation activities, supporting the idea of selective inactivation of Ape1 in cells. Our results are the first to identify a potential DNA repair enzyme target for lead and suggest a means by which these prevalent environmental metals may elicit their deleterious effects