Oxidative delignification with oxygen/alkali to high-yield pulps: pulping of softwoods - loblolly pine. Project 3264, report 2 : a progress report to members of the Institute of Paper Chemistry

"January 19, 1978.""The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Ronald D. McKelvey ... Earl W. Malcolm.

Vacuum photosizing of cellulose

"September, 1975.

The peroxyacetic acid oxidation of a lignin-related B-aryl ether

"August, 1978.""This paper has been submitted for publication in Svensk Papperstidning.

Screening a mushroom extract library for activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia and the identification of a compound with anti-Burkholderia activity

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Acinetobacter baumannii </it>and species within the <it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>complex (BCC) are significant opportunistic bacterial pathogens of humans. These species exhibit a high degree of antibiotic resistance, and some clinical isolates are resistant to all currently available antimicrobial drugs used for treatment. Thus, new drugs are needed to treat infections by these species. Mushrooms could be a potential source for new drugs to treat <it>A. baumannii </it>and BCC infections.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The aim of this study was to screen a library of crude extracts from 330 wild mushrooms by disk diffusion assays for antibacterial activity against <it>A. baumannii </it>and <it>Burkholderia cepacia </it>in the hope of identifying a novel natural drug that could be used to treat infections caused by these species. Once positive hits were identified, the extracts were subjected to bioassay-guided separations to isolate and identify the active drug molecules. MICs were performed to gauge the <it>in vitro </it>activity of the purified compounds.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Only three crude extracts (0.9%) had activity against <it>A. baumannii </it>and <it>B. cepacia</it>. Compounds from two of these extracts had MICs greater than 128 μg/ml, and further analyses were not performed. From the third extract, prepared from <it>Leucopaxillus albissimus</it>, 2-aminoquinoline (2-AQ) was isolated. This compound exhibited a modest MIC <it>in vitro </it>against strains from nine different BCC species, including multi-drug resistant clinical isolates (MIC = 8-64 μg/ml), and a weak MIC (128 μg/ml) against <it>A baumannii</it>. The IC₅₀against a murine monocyte line was 1.5 mg/ml.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The small number of positive hits in this study suggests that finding a new drug from mushrooms to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections may be difficult. Although 2-AQ was identified in one mushroom, and it was shown to inhibit the growth of multi-drug resistant BCC isolates, the relatively high MICs (8-128 μg/ml) for both <it>A. baumannii </it>and BCC strains suggests that 2-AQ is not suitable for further drug development in its current form.</p

Simulating nutrient release from parental carcasses increases the growth, biomass and genetic diversity of juvenile Atlantic salmon

The net transport of nutrients by migratory fish from oceans to inland spawning areas has decreased due to population declines and migration barriers. Restoration of nutrients to increasingly oligotrophic upland streams (that were historically salmon spawning areas) have shown short‐term benefits for juvenile salmon, but the longer term consequences are little known. Here we simulated the deposition of a small number of adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar carcasses at the end of the spawning period in five Scottish upland streams (‘high parental nutrient’ treatment), while leaving five reference streams without carcasses (‘low parental nutrient’ treatment). All streams received exactly the same number of salmon eggs (n = 3,000) drawn in equal number from the same 30 wild‐origin families, thereby controlling for initial egg density and genetic composition. We then monitored the resulting juvenile salmon and their macroinvertebrate prey, repeating the carcass addition treatment in the next spawning season. Macroinvertebrate biomass and abundance were five times higher in the high parental nutrient streams, even 1 year after the carcass addition, and led to faster growth of juvenile salmon over the next 2 years (but with no change in population density). This faster growth led to more fish exceeding the size threshold that would trigger emigration to sea at 2 rather than 3 years of age. There was also higher genetic diversity among surviving salmon in high parental nutrient streams; genotyping showed that these effects were not due to immigration but to differential survival. Synthesis and applications. This 2‐year field experiment shows that adding nutrients that simulate the presence of small numbers of adult salmon carcasses can have long‐term effects on the growth rate of juvenile salmon, likely increasing the number that will migrate to sea early and also increasing their genetic diversity. However, the feasibility of adding nutrients to spawning streams as a management tool to boost salmon populations will depend on whether the benefits at this stage are maintained over the entire life cycle

Simulating nutrient release from parental carcasses increases the growth, biomass and genetic diversity of juvenile Atlantic salmon

The net transport of nutrients by migratory fish from oceans to inland spawning areas has decreased due to population declines and migration barriers. Restoration of nutrients to increasingly oligotrophic upland streams (that were historically salmon spawning areas) have shown short‐term benefits for juvenile salmon, but the longer term consequences are little known. Here we simulated the deposition of a small number of adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar carcasses at the end of the spawning period in five Scottish upland streams (‘high parental nutrient’ treatment), while leaving five reference streams without carcasses (‘low parental nutrient’ treatment). All streams received exactly the same number of salmon eggs (n = 3,000) drawn in equal number from the same 30 wild‐origin families, thereby controlling for initial egg density and genetic composition. We then monitored the resulting juvenile salmon and their macroinvertebrate prey, repeating the carcass addition treatment in the next spawning season. Macroinvertebrate biomass and abundance were five times higher in the high parental nutrient streams, even 1 year after the carcass addition, and led to faster growth of juvenile salmon over the next 2 years (but with no change in population density). This faster growth led to more fish exceeding the size threshold that would trigger emigration to sea at 2 rather than 3 years of age. There was also higher genetic diversity among surviving salmon in high parental nutrient streams; genotyping showed that these effects were not due to immigration but to differential survival. Synthesis and applications. This 2‐year field experiment shows that adding nutrients that simulate the presence of small numbers of adult salmon carcasses can have long‐term effects on the growth rate of juvenile salmon, likely increasing the number that will migrate to sea early and also increasing their genetic diversity. However, the feasibility of adding nutrients to spawning streams as a management tool to boost salmon populations will depend on whether the benefits at this stage are maintained over the entire life cycle

Photochemistry-carbohydrates, cellulose

Title from folder label.Project report form no. 1 dated December 8, 1972. Fundamental study of the photochemistry of carbohydrates, cellulose, and related compounds / R. D. McKelvey -- Project report form no. 2 dated June 18, 1972. Fundamental study of the photochemistry of carbohydrates, cellulose, and related compounds / Ronald D. McKelvey -- Project report form no. 3 dated June 22, 1973. Fundamental study of the photochemistry of carbohydrates, cellulose, and related compounds / Ronald D. McKelvey -- Project report form no. 4 dated 2/18/74. Fundamental study of the photochemistry of carbohydrates, cellulose, and related compounds / Ronald D. McKelvey