467 research outputs found
Measurements in the annular shear layer of high subsonic and under-expanded round jets
An experimental study has been undertaken to document compressibility effects in the annular shear layers of axisymmetric jets. Comparison is made of the measured flow development with the well-documented influence of compressibility in planar mixing layers. High Reynolds number (~106) and high Mach number jets issuing from a convergent nozzle at nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs) from 1.28 to 3.0 were measured using laser Doppler anemometry instrumentation. Detailed radial profile data are reported, particularly within the potential core region, for mean velocity, turbulence rms, and turbulence shear stress. For supercritical NPRs the presence of the pressure waves in the inviscid shock cell region as the jet expanded back to ambient pressure was found to exert a noticeable effect on shear layer location, causing this to shift radially outwards at high supercritical NPR conditions. After a boundary layer to free shear layer transition zone, the turbulence development displayed a short region of similarity before adjustment to near-field merged jet behaviour. Peak turbulence rms reduction due to compressibility was similar to that observed in planar layers with radial rms suppression much stronger than axial. Comparison of the compressibility-modified annular shear layer growth rate with planar shear layer data on the basis of the convective Mach number (M C) showed notable differences; in the annular shear layer, compressibility effects began at lower M C and displayed a stronger reduction in growth. For high Mach number aerospace propulsion applications involving round jets, the current measurements represent a new data set for the calibration/validation of compressibility-affected turbulence models
Superfluid vs Ferromagnetic Behaviour in a Bose Gas of Spin-1/2 Atoms
We study the thermodynamic phases of a gas of spin-1/2 atoms in the
Hartree-Fock approximation. Our main result is that, for repulsive or
weakly-attractive inter-component interaction strength, the superfluid and
ferromagnetic phase transitions occur at the same temperature. For
strongly-attractive inter-component interaction strength, however, the
ferromagnetic phase transition occurs at a higher temperature than the
superfluid phase transition. We also find that the presence of a condensate
acts as an effective magnetic field that polarizes the normal cloud. We finally
comment on the validity of the Hartree-Fock approximation in describing
different phenomena in this system.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure
Active flow control of jet mixing using steady and pulsed fluid tabs
Flow control techniques for increasing the rate of jet mixing in axisymmetric nozzle flows have been investigated. A combination of water tunnel and high-speed airflow facilities is used to assess the near-field jet behaviour. Solid tabs, steady fluid tabs (i.e. discrete radially discharged control jets located close to the core jet exit), and pulsed fluid tabs are compared. The effect of fluid tab velocity amplitude, pulse rate, and pulse phase are studied using open-loop control. The measurements indicate that fluid tabs generate a similar streamwise vortex formation process (and hence display increased mixing) as previously observed in solid-tabbed nozzle flows. In incompressible testing the mixing effectiveness with a pair of pulsed fluid tabs 180° out-of-phase was as good as a twin solid tab nozzle for a control jet flowrate of only 0.5 per cent of the primary (core) jet flow. In preliminary high-speed testing similar benefits of fluid tabs over solid tabs were observed. Further study of pulsed fluid tabs is recommended; they have the attractive performance benefit that they can be easily switched off when not needed and offer increased flexibility as the basis of an optimized active control jet mixing device
Spin dynamics of a trapped spin-1 Bose Gas above the Bose-Einstein transition temperature
We study collective spin oscillations in a spin-1 Bose gas above the
Bose-Einstein transition temperature. Starting from the Heisenberg equation of
motion, we derive a kinetic equation describing the dynamics of a thermal gas
with the spin-1 degree of freedom. Applying the moment method to the kinetic
equation, we study spin-wave collective modes with dipole symmetry. The dipole
modes in the spin-1 system are found to be classified into the three type of
modes. The frequency and damping rate are obtained as functions of the peak
density. The damping rate is characterized by three relaxation times associated
with collisions.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figur
Influence of nozzle exit conditions on the near-field development of high subsonic and underexpanded axisymmetric jets
Detailed knowledge of jet plume development in the near-field (the first 10–15 nozzle exit diameters for a round jet) is important in aero-engine propulsion system design, e.g., for jet noise and plume infrared (IR) signature assessment. Nozzle exit Mach numbers are often high subsonic but improperly expanded (e.g., shock-containing) plumes also occur; high Reynolds numbers (O (106)) are typical. The near-field is obviously influenced by nozzle exit conditions (velocity/turbulence profiles) so knowledge of exit boundary layer characteristics is desirable. Therefore, an experimental study was carried out to provide detailed data on nozzle inlet and exit conditions and near-field development for convergent round nozzles operated at Nozzle Pressure Ratios (NPRs) corresponding to high subsonic and supersonic (underexpanded) jet plumes. Both pneumatic probe and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) measurements were made. The data revealed that internal nozzle acceleration led to a dramatic reduction in wall boundary layer thickness and a more laminar-like profile shape. The addition of a parallel wall extension to the end of the nozzle allowed the boundary layer to return to a turbulent state, increasing its thickness, and removing vena contracta effects. Differences in nozzle exit boundary layers exerted a noticeable influence but only in the first few diameters of plume development. The addition of the exit extension removed the vena contracta effects of the convergence only design. At underexpanded NPRs, this change to nozzle geometry modified the shock cell pattern and shortened the potential core length of the jet
Landau Damping of Spin Waves in Trapped Boltzmann Gases
A semiclassical method is used to study Landau damping of transverse
pseudo-spin waves in harmonically trapped ultracold gases in the collisionless
Boltzmann limit. In this approach, the time evolution of a spin is calculated
numerically as it travels in a classical orbit through a spatially dependent
mean field. This method reproduces the Landau damping results for spin-waves in
unbounded systems obtained with a dielectric formalism. In trapped systems, the
simulations indicate that Landau damping occurs for a given spin-wave mode
because of resonant phase space trajectories in which spins are "kicked out" of
the mode (in spin space). A perturbative analysis of the resonant and nearly
resonant trajectories gives the Landau damping rate, which is calculated for
the dipole and quadrupole modes as a function of the interaction strength. The
results are compared to a numerical solution of the kinetic equation by Nikuni
et al.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure
Spatial Resolution of Spin Waves in an Ultra-Cold Gas
We present the first spatially resolved images of spin waves in a gas. The complete longitudinal and transverse spin field as a function of time and space is reconstructed. Frequencies and damping rates for a standing-wave mode are extracted and compared with theory
Anisotropic Spin Diffusion in Trapped Boltzmann Gases
Recent experiments in a mixture of two hyperfine states of trapped Bose gases
show behavior analogous to a spin-1/2 system, including transverse spin waves
and other familiar Leggett-Rice-type effects. We have derived the kinetic
equations applicable to these systems, including the spin dependence of
interparticle interactions in the collision integral, and have solved for
spin-wave frequencies and longitudinal and transverse diffusion constants in
the Boltzmann limit. We find that, while the transverse and longitudinal
collision times for trapped Fermi gases are identical, the Bose gas shows
diffusion anisotropy. Moreover, the lack of spin isotropy in the interactions
leads to the non-conservation of transverse spin, which in turn has novel
effects on the hydrodynamic modes.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures; submitted to PR
Exploring Holographic General Gauge Mediation
We study models of gauge mediation with strongly coupled hidden sectors,
employing a hard wall background as an holographic dual description. The
structure of the soft spectrum depends crucially on the boundary conditions one
imposes on bulk fields at the IR wall. Generically, vector and fermion
correlators have poles at zero momentum, leading to gauge mediation by massive
vector messengers and/or generating Dirac gaugino masses. Instead, non-generic
choices of boundary conditions let one cover all of GGM parameter space.
Enriching the background with R-symmetry breaking scalars, the SSM soft term
structure becomes more constrained and similar to previously studied top-down
models, while retaining the more analytic control the present bottom-up
approach offers.Comment: 28 pages, 4 figures; v2: typos corrected and refs adde
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