The Historiography of Carter G. Woodson

The death of Carter Goodwin Woodson, April 3, 1950,1 has led directly or indirectly to the publishing of many articles and essays concerning Dr. Woodson\u27s life and his various works. It is beyond doubt that many of these articles have lacked objectivity and were not critical in their analyses. There has been a tendency for those people who have cared to write an article on Dr. Woodson, to be lavish in their praise with far less care to the elements of historical analyses. It would be presumptuous, at this time, to measure the full effect of his endeavors, but the time is ripe for beginning an impartial analysis of the works of a man who dedicated his life to the task of providing his people with a respectable past in accordance with the latest historical methods of research. Laboring under the apparent assumption, as expressed in a letter to the George Washington Bicentennial Celebration, that the Negroes, ignorant of their past, have permitted others to discredit their past, which is just as glorious as that of any race, 2 he sought to give future historians the instrument of a respectable Negro history, which, if fused with the white historians\u27 perspective, would provide a broader frame of reference for the reconstruction of history. Some of our leading historians and social scientists contend that Dr. Woodson accomplished a titanic task embracing the latest historical methods, while other prominent historians and social scientists believe that he deliberately over emphasized the facts, thus reducing his life\u27s work to mere propaganda. In the light of these hypothetical contentions, the writer, realizing that a man is the product of his time, proposes to make an objective analysis of the historiography of Garter Goodwin Woodson as measured by the historical methodology of the time in which he wrote, with special emphasis upon his frames of reference. The problem for consideration is whether posterity will accept his findings as a valid foundation for future development, or will his historical works become a negligible factor in the field of historiography? 1American Historical Review, Volume LV, No. 4, July, 1950, p. 1041. 2Journal of Negro History, Volume XVII, No. 1, Januray, 1932, p. 103. Hereafter cited J. N. H

Evaluating the Impact Of Foreign Exchange Rate Risk On The Capital Budgeting For Multinational Firms

Capital budgeting analysis has evolved to the point where large firms universally use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques.[1]  However, small firms are less likely to use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques.[2]  Even large firms do not generally use simulation for risk analysis in multinational project capital budgeting analysis.[3]  This paper provides a discussion and example of the use of simulation in evaluating the impact of foreign exchange rate volatility on multinational project capital budgeting analysis.[1] Bierman, Harold, Jr. “Capital Budgeting in 1991:  A Survey,” Financial Management, Autumn 1993, pp. 21-29.[2]  See, for example, Block, Stanley. “Integrating Traditional Capital Budgeting Concepts into an International Decision-Making Environment,” The Engineering Economist, 45(4), 2000, pp. 309-325 or Graham, John R. and Campbell R. Harvey.  “The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance:  Evidence from the Field,” Journal of Financial Economics, 60, 2001, pp. 187-243.[3] See, for example, Farragher, Edward, Robert Kleiman, and Anandi, Sahu.  “The Association Between the Use of Sophisticated Capital Budgeting Practices and Corporate Performance,” The Engineering Economist, 46(4), 2001, pp. 300-31, Ho, Simon S. M. and Richard H. Pike.  “Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting Contexts:  Simple or Sophisticated?,” Accounting and Business Research, 21(83), 1991, pp. 227-238, Klammer, T. “Empirical Evidence of the Adoption of Sophisticated Capital Budgeting Techniques,” The Journal of Business, July 1972, pp. 387-397, and Klammer, T., B. Koch, and N. Wilner.  “Post-auditing Capital Assets and Firm Performance:  An Empirical Investigation,” Managerial and Decisions Economics, (12), 1991, pp. 317-327

A Study Of The Relationship Between Stock Market Development And Economic Growth And Development For 1994 To 2003

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the level of economic development and the size of the stock market relative to the total economic output.  We find a positive relationship and statistically significant regression coefficients between gross national income per capita and total stock market capitalization to gross national income for each year from 1994 to 2003 for between seventy-eight and one hundred and two countries.  A well developed stock market facilitates capital allocation in an economy which is necessary for economic growth and development and provides the large pools of funds to successful entrepreneurs needed for corporate growth

An Analysis Of The Technical Efficiency Of The Russian Stock Market

In this paper, we evaluate the weak form efficiency of the Russian Stock Market using the Russian Trading System Index for the period from when the market opened, September 4, 1995 to June 1, 2007. There does appear to have been a speculative bubble in the run-up to the market peak in late 1997/early 1998 that burst when the government defaulted on debt. However, based on the empirical results of this paper, it appears that the RTSI is generally weak form efficient, particularly in the last eight periods of the study. This weak form efficiency is not surprising given the international interest in the Russian Stock Market and because the RTSI is denominated in US dollars

The price-volume relationship of the Malaysian stock index futures market

The objective of this study is to determine the relationship and the causality between the price index and trading volume for both the spot and the next month contracts in the Malaysian stock index futures market and how that relationship changes over time. The daily data of the stock index futures (FKLI) closing price and the daily data of the stock index futures (FKLI) trading volume from December 15, 1995 until December 31, 2003 are used in this study. The data are divided into four sub-periods, a learning period, a crisis period, a recovery period and a stable period, to analyze the variation in activity during the opening of the new market, the Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, the recovery period after the financial crisis, and a stable period. The findings provide information to allow investors to use the price-volume relationship in both the spot-month and the next-month contracts to speculate or to hedge their portfolios

Refusing to Endorse. A must Explanation for Pejoratives.

In her analysis of pejoratives, Eva Picardi rejects a too sharp separation between descriptive and expressive content. I reconstruct some of her arguments, endorsing Eva’s criticism of Williamson’s analysis of Dummett and developing a suggestion by Manuel Garcia Carpintero on a speech act analysis of pejoratives. Eva’s main concern is accounting for our instinctive refusal to endorse an assertion containing pejoratives because it suggests a picture of reality we do not share. Her stance might be further developed claiming that uses of pejoratives not only suggest, but also promote a wrong picture of reality. Our refusal to endorse implies rejecting not only a wrong picture of reality but also a call for participation to what that picture promotes

How, when and why do young women use nutrition information on food labels? A qualitative analysis

Background. Nutrition information on food packaging offers a public health tool which could be used to promote informed consumer choice and aid consumption of a healthy diet. Research indicates that use of nutrition information can lead to reduced energy intake and lower BMI, but little evidence is available regarding how, when or why people use nutrition information when making everyday food choices. Methods. This qualitative study explored motivations and contexts surrounding the use of nutrition information among 25 UK-based female nutrition information users aged 23-35 years, using semi-structured individual interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results. Six themes were identified: (1) understanding and (2) functions of nutrition information, (3) health versus appearance motives, nutrition information use in (4) affective and (5) symbolic food episodes, and (6) competing point-of-purchase influences. Notable observations included a difficulty in understanding and converting nutrition information into personally meaningful terms, and eschewal of nutrition information in settings where food plays an affective or symbolic role (e.g. food consumption after a stressful day, buying food for a dinner party). Conclusions. We suggest evidence-based directions for future research and offer policy and practice recommendations, including the adoption of clear and consistent nutrition information formats