The emerging role of CD44 in regulating skeletal metastasis

The hyaluronan (HA) receptor CD44 has a well documented role in tumour metastasis. This review focuses on the potential significance of CD44 expression and function in regulating the metastasis of both haematological malignancies and solid tumours to the bone. Specifically, the review will discuss the evidence that HA-CD44 interactions facilitate the arrest of circulating malignant cells upon the bone marrow endothelial cells and discuss data that suggests CD44 may orchestrate the ability of tumour cells to regulate the modification of the bone matrix and support its colonisation by malignant cells.</p

The relationship between Hippocampal asymmetry and working memory processing in combat-related PTSD: a monozygotic twin study

BACKGROUND: PTSD is associated with reduction in hippocampal volume and abnormalities in hippocampal function. Hippocampal asymmetry has received less attention, but potentially could indicate lateralised differences in vulnerability to trauma. The P300 event-related potential component reflects the immediate processing of significant environmental stimuli and has generators in several brain regions including the hippocampus. P300 amplitude is generally reduced in people with PTSD. METHODS: Our study examined hippocampal volume asymmetry and the relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and P300 amplitude in male monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat exposure. Lateralised hippocampal volume and P300 data were obtained from 70 male participants, of whom 12 had PTSD. We were able to compare (1) combat veterans with current PTSD; (2) their non-combat-exposed co-twins; (3) combat veterans without current PTSD and (4) their non-combat-exposed co-twins. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups in hippocampal asymmetry. There were no group differences in performance of an auditory oddball target detection task or in P300 amplitude. There was a significant positive correlation between P300 amplitude and the magnitude of hippocampal asymmetry in participants with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that greater hippocampal asymmetry in PTSD is associated with a need to allocate more attentional resources when processing significant environmental stimuli.Timothy Hall, Cherrie Galletly, C.R. Clark, Melinda Veltmeyer, Linda J. Metzger, Mark W. Gilbertson, Scott P. Orr, Roger K. Pitman and Alexander McFarlan

MWRRET Value-Added Product: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer (MWR) Data Sets (Revision 2)

This report provides a short description of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility microwave radiometer (MWR) Retrieval (MWRRET) value-added product (VAP) algorithm. This algorithm utilizes a complementary physical retrieval method and applies brightness temperature offsets to reduce spurious liquid water path (LWP) bias in clear skies resulting in significantly improved precipitable water vapor (PWV) and LWP retrievals. We present a general overview of the technique, input parameters, output products, and describe data quality checks. A more complete discussion of the theory and results is given in Turner et al. (2007b)

Long-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics at SPRUCE revealed through stable isotopes in peat profiles

Peatlands encode information about past vegetation dynamics, climate, and microbial processes. Here, we used δ15N and δ13C patterns from 16 peat profiles to deduce how the biogeochemistry of the Marcell S1 forested bog in northern Minnesota responded to environmental and vegetation change over the past  ∼ 10000 years. In multiple regression analyses, δ15N and δ13C correlated strongly with depth, plot location, C∕N, %N, and each other. Correlations with %N, %C, C∕N, and the other isotope accounted for 80% of variance for δ15N and 38% of variance for δ13C, reflecting N and C losses. In contrast, correlations with depth and topography (hummock or hollow) reflected peatland successional history and climate. Higher δ15N in plots closer to uplands may reflect upland-derived DON inputs and accompanying shifts in N dynamics in the lagg drainage area surrounding the bog. The Suess effect (declining δ13CO2 since the Industrial Revolution) lowered δ13C in recent surficial samples. High δ15N from −35 to −55cm probably indicated the depth of ectomycorrhizal activity after tree colonization of the peatland over the last 400 years, as confirmed by the occasional presence of wood down to −35cm depth. High δ13C at  ∼ 4000 years BP (−65 to −105cm) could reflect a transition at that time to slower rates of peat accumulation, when 13C discrimination during peat decomposition may increase in importance. Low δ13C and high δ15N at −213 and −225cm ( ∼ 8500 years BP) corresponded to a warm period during a sedge-dominated rich fen stage. The above processes appear to be the primary drivers of the observed isotopic patterns, whereas there was no clear evidence for methane dynamics influencing δ13C patterns

Production of intense, coherent, tunable narrow‐band lyman‐alpha radiation

Nearly transform limited pulses of 1216 Å radiation have been generated by sum frequency generation in 0.1 to 10 torr of mercury vapor. The summed input beams, consisting of photons at 3127 Å and 5454 Å originate in 1 MHz band‐width ring‐dye laser oscillators. The beams are amplified in pulsed‐dye amplifiers pumped by the frequency doubled output of a Nd:YAG laser. The 3127 Å photons are tuned to be resonant with the two‐photon 61S to 71S mercury transition. The VUV radiation can be tuned by varying the frequency of the third non‐resonant photon. We have also observed difference frequency generation at 2193 Å and intense fluorescence from the 61P state at 1849 Å. We have studied the intensity and linewidth dependence of the 1849 Å fluorescence and 1216 Å sum frequency signals on input beam intensity, mercury density, and buffer gas pressure and composition.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87716/2/49_1.pd

Essential role of heparan sulfates in axon navigation and targeting in the developing visual system

Heparan sulfate (HS) is abundant in the developing brain and is a required co-factor for many types of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in vitro. We report that some HSs, when added exogenously to the developing Xenopus optic pathway, severely disrupt target recognition causing axons from the retina to bypass their primary target, the optic tectum. Significantly, HS sidechains from a neuroepithelial perlecan variant that preferentially bind FGF-2, HS(FGF-2), cause aberrant targeting, whereas those that preferentially bind FGF-1 do not. Charge-matched fragments of HS(FGF-2) show that the mistargeting activity associates with the FGP-binding fragments. Heparitinase removal of native HSs at the beginning of optic tract formation retards retinal axon elongation; addition of FGF-2 restores axon extension but axons lose directionality. Late HS removal, after axons have extended through the tract, elicits a tectal bypass phenotype indicating a growth promoting and guidance function for native HSs. Our results demonstrate that different HS sidechains from the same care protein differentially affect axon growth in vivo, possibly due to their distinct FGF-binding preferences, and suggest that growth factors and HSs are important partners in regulating axon growth and guidance in the developing visual system

Sleep Disorders, Obesity, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Risk

In this paper we describe a concept-wise multi-preference semantics for description logic which has its root in the preferential approach for modeling defeasible reasoning in knowledge representation. We argue that this proposal, beside satisfying some desired properties, such as KLM postulates, and avoiding the drowning problem, also defines a plausible notion of semantics. We motivate the plausibility of the concept-wise multi-preference semantics by developing a logical semantics of self-organising maps, which have been proposed as possible candidates to explain the psychological mechanisms underlying category generalisation, in terms of multi-preference interpretations