Variable-rate pumping tests for radially symmetric nonuniform aquifers

This is the published version. Copyright American Geophysical UnionConventional pumping test methodology is of limited effectiveness for defining the spatial distribution of aquifer properties because of the nonuniqueness of the parameter estimates. Sensitivity analysis can be used to develop a pumping test procedure that significantly decreases the uncertainty associated with the estimated parameters. This approach employs systematic variations in pumpage rates to achieve reductions in parameter uncertainty. These reductions are obtained by increasing the sensitivity of drawdown to flow properties while simultaneously constraining the growth in the correlation between the effects of different flow properties on observation well drawdown. Numerical experiments demonstrate the importance of the magnitude and frequency of the rate variations, the spatial and temporal pattern of data collection, as well as the dependence of the technique on the total duration of the pumping test. Significant decreases in parameter uncertainty can be expected in any flow system in which the primary component of flow is in the radial direction. This study demonstrates that sensitivity analysis can be an important tool in the development of methodology for the characterization of subsurface properties

Pumping tests in networks of multilevel sampling wells: Motivation and methodology

This is the published version. Copyright American Geophysical UnionThe identification of spatial variations in hydraulic conductivity (K) on a scale of relevance for transport investigations has proven to be a considerable challenge. Recently, a new field method for the estimation of interwell variations in K has been proposed. This method, hydraulic tomography, essentially consists of a series of short-term pumping tests performed in a tomographic-like arrangement. In order to fully realize the potential of this approach, information about lateral and vertical variations in pumping-induced head changes (drawdown) is required with detail that has previously been unobtainable in the field. Pumping tests performed in networks of multilevel sampling (MLS) wells can provide data of the needed density if drawdown can accurately and rapidly be measured in the small-diameter tubing used in such wells. Field and laboratory experiments show that accurate transient drawdown data can be obtained in the small-diameter MLS tubing either directly with miniature fiber-optic pressure sensors or indirectly using air-pressure transducers. As with data from many types of hydraulic tests, the quality of drawdown measurements from MLS tubing is quite dependent on the effectiveness of well development activities. Since MLS ports of the standard design are prone to clogging and are difficult to develop, alternate designs are necessary to ensure accurate drawdown measurements. Initial field experiments indicate that drawdown measurements obtained from pumping tests performed in MLS networks have considerable potential for providing valuable information about spatial variations in hydraulic conductivity

Exploring Entrepreneurial Skills and Competencies in Farm Tourism

Diversification to farm tourism is increasingly seen as a viable development strategy to promote a more diverse and sustainable rural economy and to counter declining farm incomes. However, our understanding of the dynamics of the modern farm tourism business and the entrepreneurial and competitive skills farmers require in making the transition from agriculture to a diversified - and service based - enterprise remains limited. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explore the range of skills and competencies that farmers in the North West of England identify as important when adopting a diversification strategy to farm tourism. With the findings indicating that that whilst a range of managerial skills are valued by farmers, they lack many of the additional business and entrepreneurial competencies required for success. Moreover, this paper acknowledges the need to generate consensus on the requisite skill-set that farm tourism operators require, along with a need for a currently fragmented rural tourism literature to acknowledge the significance of rural entrepreneurship and the characteristics of successful farmers and farm tourism ventures

Alopecia Areata Susceptibility in Rodent Models

With our current view of alopecia areata as an autoimmune disease, it is probable that disease development in an individual is dependent on multiple genetic and environmental factors interacting in a complex system. Rodent models afford the opportunity to investigate alopecia areata development and to define the significance of the different factors involved. Recently, rodent model characterization has been conducted using flow cytometry, microarray analysis, and functional studies. From these a pattern of events in alopecia areata development has emerged. Although the preliminary activation events for the onset of alopecia areata remain unknown, the response of the immune system is characterized by antigen presentation and costimulation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and skin, a deficiency of CD4+/CD25+ regulatory cells, and an action of activated lymphocytes on hair follicles via Fas/FasL signaling and cytokines. Thus, onset of disease may require appropriate (or inappropriate) expression of stimulatory antigens within the hair follicle, the breakdown of the putative hair follicle immune privilege, the presentation of antigens to the immune system, a failure of immune system regulation, and the ability of the activated immune system to disrupt anagen-stage hair follicles. Once the sequence of events is initiated, it may become a self-perpetuating cycle, with epitope spreading leading to a wider range of targets in chronic alopecia areata. Rodent model studies have provided significant insight into alopecia areata, but much more remains to be explained about the mechanisms of disease development

Alopecia Areata: Treatment of Today and Tomorrow

It is the aim of this article to review and appraise available data on treatments for alopecia areata (AA) according to the demands of evidence based medicine. Studies evaluating the efficacy of a treatment for AA should include appropriate controls, use cosmetically acceptable hair regrowth as a parameter for treatment success, include patients with AA totalis, universalis or extensive patchy AA, and exclude patients suffering from AA for less than 3 months. Moreover, the treatment must be safe over a prolonged period of time. Among the various therapeutic approaches presently available for AA, only treatment with contact sensitizers such as diphenylcyclopropenone or squaric acid dibutylester has been shown to be effective in studies that fulfill these criteria.Improved future treatments may be immunosup-pressive or immunomodulatory targeting of the autoimmune pathogenesis of AA, or they may otherwise protect hair follicles from the injurious effects of inflammation. Such possible future therapeutic approaches include the incorporation of immunomodulatory agents into liposomes as an improved vehicle; inhibition of apoptosis mediated by the Fas-FasL system; inhibition of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44v10; induction of tolerance

Cultured Peribulbar Dermal Sheath Cells Can Induce Hair Follicle Development and Contribute to the Dermal Sheath and Dermal Papilla

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing wild-type, and nontransgenic mouse vibrissa follicle cells were cultured and implanted to mouse ears and footpads. Dermal papiller (DP)-derived cells and cells from the peribulbar dermal sheath “cup” (DSC) induced new hair follicles in both implanted ears and footpads, while nonbulbar dermal sheath cells did not. Confocal microscopy revealed that GFP-expressing DP and DSC cells induced hair growth associated with the formation of DP exclusively comprised of fluorescent cells. In mouse ears, but not footpads, fluorescent DP and DSC cells could also be identified in DP along with nonfluorescent cells. DSC cells were characterized in vivo and in vitro by low alkaline phosphatase activity in contrast to high alkaline phosphatase in DP cells. The results indicate transplanted DP and DSC cells were equally capable of DP formation and hair follicle induction. This suggests the DP and peribulbar DSC may be functionally similar. In addition to observing papillae exclusively composed of GFP-expressing cells, DP and DSC cells may also have combined with resident cells to form papillae composed of implanted GFP-expressing cells and host-derived non-GFP-expressing cells. Alkaline phosphatase expression may be utilized as a simple marker to identify hair follicle mesenchyme derived cells with hair follicle inductive abilities

Slug tests in partially penetrating wells

This is the published version. Copyright American Geophysical UnionA semianalytical solution is presented to a mathematical model describing the flow of groundwater in response to a slug test in a confined or unconfined porous formation. The model incorporates the effects of partial penetration, anisotropy, finiteradius well skins, and upper and lower boundaries of either a constant-head or an impermeable form. This model is employed to investigate the error that is introduced into hydraulic conductivity estimates through use of currently accepted practices (i.e., Hvorslev, 1951; Cooper et al., 1967) for the analysis of slug-test response data. The magnitude of the error arising in a variety of commonly faced field configurations is the basis for practical guidelines for the analysis of slug-test data that can be utilized by field practitioners