Carrier suppression device for a heterodyne gas analyzer

Analyzer operates with broadband light from blackbody infrared source. Light is passed sequentially through two gas-filled chambers to suitable infrared detector while pressures in gas-filled chambers are modulated in sinusoidal manner. Because pressure of infrared-absorbing gases in chambers is modulated, amount of light absorbed by gases is also modulated

Functional response of the euphausiid Thysanoessa raschii grazing on small diatoms and toxic dinoflagellates

The functional response of T. raschii feeding on monocultures of small phytoplankton at 0.4–14 μg pigment liter–1 was determined using a time-series method in a large volume flow-through grazing system. A model-free robust regression procedure aided by graphical and statistical methods was used to compare Ivlev, Michaelis-Menten, linear, Disk equation and Holling type III models. Ivlev, Michaelis-Menten and Disk equation models were less preferable to a linear model because their parameters were highly correlated and could not be uniquely determined, although they appear to fit the data graphically. Holling type III model did not fit the data. A linear model both matched the model-free robust regression, and avoided problems of correlated parameters. No feeding threshold was detectable for the range of concentrations examined. T. raschii ingested the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis and both toxic and nontoxic clones of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis at the same rate at low concentrations (0.4–1.6 μg pigment liter–1)

Alfred Lorenz As Theorist And Analyst

Given the prominence of his name in the history of Wagnerian analysis, it is surprising that a detailed consideration and evaluation of the work of Alfred Lorenz (1868-1939) has never been attempted. While the basics of Lorenz\u27s approach are relatively straightforward and have long been common knowledge--the division of Wagner\u27s works into tonally unified poetic-musical periods, each shown to follow one of Lorenz\u27s formal types (most famously Bars and Bogens)--the philosophical and aesthetic bases for this approach have seldom been considered, resulting in a skewed portrayal of his work. Failure to consider the foundations of Lorenz\u27s work is symptomatic of a general blindness toward the ideological underpinnings which operate behind yet propel all scholarly inquiry.;What is needed is not an attempt to redo or rehabilitate Lorenz, but an evaluation balanced between an objective description of his system and an account of the ideologies shaping its development and reception. The first chapter, a biographical sketch of Lorenz, includes an account of his personal and professional relationship with National Socialism, and of the close ties between Nazism and Lorenz\u27s analytical methodology. The aesthetic and philosophical foundations of Lorenz\u27s approach are presented in the second chapter: a description of the Schopenhauerian expressive aesthetic position and its influence on the study of musical form in the early twentieth century. The central three chapters are concerned with the details of Lorenz\u27s method of analysis. A discussion of Lorenz\u27s views of such matters as musical form, the leitmotive, and the Gesamtkunstwerk (chapter three), is followed by a detailed explanation and exemplification of the method itself (chapters 4 and 5). The reception history of Das Geheimnis der Form bei Richard Wagner in the sixth chapter chronicles the radical shift in Lorenz\u27s reputation before and after the Second World War, and reveals the central role of ideology in this process. It is prefaced by a survey of the further development and extension of Lorenz\u27s method, both in the later volumes of Das Geheimnis der Form and in his non-Wagnerian analyses. The final chapter relates Lorenz to the aesthetic and analytical context presented in the second chapter, and concludes with an evaluation of his work and its influence

Effect of environmental conditions on the distribution of Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) larvae in the California Current system

We modeled the probability of capturing Pacif ic mackerel (Scomber japonicus) larvae as a function of environmental variables for the Southern California Bight (SCB) most years from 1951 through 2008 and Mexican waters offshore of Baja California from 1951 through 1984. The model exhibited acceptable fit, as indicated by the area under a receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.80 but was inconsistent with the zero catches that occurred frequently in the 2000s. Two types of spawners overlapped spatially within the survey area: those that exhibited peak spawning during April in the SCB at about 15.5°C and a smaller group that exhibited peak spawning in August near Punta Eugenia, Mexico, at 20°C or greater. The SCB generally had greater zooplankton than Mexican waters but less appropriate (lower) geostrophic f lows. Mexican waters generally exhibited greater predicted habitat quality than the SCB in cold years. Predicted quality of the habitat in the SCB was greater from the 1980s to 2008 than in the earlier years of the survey primarily because temperatures and geostrophic flows were more appropriate for larvae. However, stock size the previous year had a larger effect on predictions than any environmental variable, indicating that larval Pacific mackerel did not fully occupy the suitable habitat during most years

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Historic Diet and Foodways: the FoodCult Project

This research note introduces the methodology of the FoodCult Project, with the aim of stimulating discussion regarding the interdisciplinary potential for historical food studies. The project represents the first major attempt to establish both the fundamentals of everyday diet, and the cultural ‘meaning’ of food and drink in early modern Ireland, c 1550-1650. This was a period of major economic development, unprecedented intercultural contact, but also of conquest, colonisation and war, and the study focusses on Ireland as a case-study for understanding the role of food in a complex society. Moving beyond the colonial narrative of Irish social and economic development, it enlarges the study of food and identity to examine neglected themes in Irish historiography, including gender, class and religious identities, as expressed through the consumption of food and drink. Taking advantage of exciting recent archaeological discoveries and the increased accessibility of the archaeological evidence, the project develops a ground-breaking interdisciplinary approach, merging micro-historical analytical techniques with cutting-edge molecular science, experimental archaeology, data modelling and statistical analysis, to examine what was eaten, where, why and by whom, at a level of detail previously deemed impossible for this period in history. This overview provides a framework to facilitate the interpretation of descriptive literary, visual, and other representative historical sources for diet, building a bridge between ideas and practises in the development of early modern foodways. The project will lead to unparalleled collaboration across the sciences and humanities, serving as a model for future comparative interdisciplinary work across diverse chronologies and regions

Radiocarbon dating of a multi-phase passage tomb on Baltinglass Hill, Co. Wicklow, Ireland

Baltinglass is a multi-chamber Neolithic passage tomb in Co. Wicklow, Ireland, excavated in the 1930s. This paper presents the results of a radiocarbon dating programme on charred wheat grains and hazelnut shell found underlying the cairn, and on cremated human bone found within and near two of the monument’s five chambers. The results are surprising, in that three of the six determinations on calcined bone pre-date by one or two centuries the charred cereals and hazelnut shells sealed under the cairn, dating to c. 3600–3400 cal bc. Of the remaining three bone results, one is coeval with the charred plant remains, while the final two can be placed in the period 3300/3200–2900 cal bc, that is more traditionally associated with developed passage tombs. A suggested sequence of construction is presented beginning with a simple tomb lacking a cairn, followed by a burning event – perhaps a ritual preparation of the ground – involving the deposition of cereal grains and other materials, very rapidly and intentionally sealed under a layer of clay, in turn followed by at least two phases involving the construction of more substantial chambers and associated cairns. What was already a complex funerary monument has proven to be even more complex, with a history spanning at least six centuries

Prehistoric land-cover and land-use history in Ireland at 6000 BP

Land cover and use are compared for Neolithic Ireland, revealing complex inter-relationships between land cover and the archaeological record. Land-cover data can be misinterpreted when isolated from the land-use activities that help shape them, while land-cover data complements land-use datasets