Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Delivering at Bugando Medical Center in Mwanza, Tanzania

Background: Routine testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women is done early during antenatal care (ANC) in Tanzania, but retesting for the women found negative is rarely done at term or during delivery. Aim: This study aimed at determining the magnitude and risk factors associated with HIV seroconversion among pregnant women delivering at Bugando Medical Center (BMC). Subjects and Methods: This cross.sectional study was conducted from January to March 2013 involving 400 pregnant women who tested HIV negative during ANC. These were re.tested during delivery, and those found positive (and their babies) were given antiretroviral therapy (ART) prophylaxis. All exposed babies were tested by polymerase chain reactions (DNAPCR) at 1 month of age. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire and patientsf files. Datawere analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 software.Results: Of 400 pregnant women (mean age 26.4 [5.73] years) enrolled, HIV seroconversion was found in 5.3% (21/400). Upon multivariate logistic regression analysis, polygamous marriage (P < 0.001) and history ofsyphilis during ANC visit (P < 0.001) were found to be independent predictors of HIV seroconversion among pregnant women delivering at BMC. One of the 21 babies (4.8%) born of HIV seroconverted women was confirmed to be HIV infected.Conclusion: The high rate of HIV seroconversion found in this study implies that HIV re.testing should be an enduring exercise. This will allow timely provision of ART prophylaxis to HIV seroconverted women and their exposed babies and thus, prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion, Pregnant women, Tanzani

Risk of imported malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Zanzibar has made substantial progress in malaria control with vector control, improved diagnosis, and artemisinin-based combination therapy. Parasite prevalence in the population has remained around 1% but imported infections from mainland Tanzania contribute to sustained local transmission. Understanding travel patterns between mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, and the risk of malaria infection, may help to control malaria importation to Zanzibar. METHODS: A rolling cross-sectional survey linked to routine reactive case detection of malaria was carried out in Zanzibar between May 2017 and October 2018. Households of patients diagnosed with malaria at health facilities were surveyed and household members were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and a sub-sample by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Interviews elicited a detailed travel history of all household members who had travelled within the past two months, including trips within and outside of Zanzibar. We estimated the association of malaria infection with travel destinations in pre-defined malaria endemicity categories, trip duration, and other co-variates using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 17,891 survey participants, 1177 (7%) reported a recent trip, of which 769 (65%) visited mainland Tanzania. Among travellers to mainland Tanzania with travel destination details and a qPCR result available, 241/378 (64%) reported traveling to districts with a 'high' malaria endemicity and for 12% the highest endemicity category was 'moderate'. Travelers to the mainland were more likely to be infected with malaria parasites (29%, 108/378) than those traveling within Zanzibar (8%, 16/206) or to other countries (6%, 2/17). Among travellers to mainland Tanzania, those visiting highly endemic districts had a higher odds of being qPCR-positive than those who travelled only to districts where malaria-endemicity was classified as low or very low (adjusted odd ratio = 7.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.9-25.5). Among travellers to the mainland, 110/378 (29%) never or only sometimes used a mosquito net during their travel. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to reduce malaria importation to Zanzibar may benefit from identifying population groups traveling to highly endemic areas in mainland Tanzania. Targeted interventions to prevent and clear infections in these groups may be more feasible than attempting to screen and treat all travellers upon arrival in Zanzibar

Risk factors for Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape province, South Africa

Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public-sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, location, and comorbidities, to examine the associations between HIV, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 death from 1 March to 9 June 2020 among (1) public-sector “active patients” (≥1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020); (2) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases; and (3) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19, comparing adults living with and without HIV using modeled population estimates.Among 3 460 932 patients (16% living with HIV), 22 308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70–2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral loads and immunosuppression. Current and previous diagnoses of tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.81–4.04] and 1.51 [95% CI, 1.18–1.93], respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.96–2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95% CI, 6.1–11.1)

L\'antibiotherapie de premiere intention dans le traitement de l\'empyeme pleural de l\'enfant en milieu Africain (Yaoundé-Cameroun).

We examined 125 pleural fluids collected, 67 cultures that represented 53.6% were positive. The three main germs isolated in order of decreasing frequency were Streptococcus pneumoniae (41.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (35.3%) and Haemophilus influenzae (7.5%). The most active antibiotics against each of these bacteria were : for S. pneumoniae, second and third generation cephalosporins with 100% sensitivity, amoxicilline + clavulinic acid (96.4% sensitivity), first generation cephalosporins (95% sensitivity) and 46.4% resistance to penicilline G; for S. aureus, céfuroxime, vancomycine and pristinamycine with 100% sensitivity, whereas gentamicin and tobramycin had only 91.3% sensitivity, and there was 13.8% resistance to oxacilline ; for H. influenzae, amoxicillin + clavulinic acid, first, second and third generation cephalosporins, and quinolones all showed 100% sensitivity with 100% and 60% resistance to cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol respectively. To cover all these three germs in our environment, we recommend as first line antibiotherapy for empyema thoracis in children either of the following antibiotic combinations: amoxicillin/clavulinic acid with gentamicin or cefuroxime with gentamicin or vancomycin alone if available, against S. aureus infection.Nous avons prélevé et mis en culture 125 liquides pleuraux dont 67 soit 53,6% ont poussé. Les trois principaux germes isolés étaient dans l'ordre de fréquence décroissante : Streptococcus pneumoniae (41,7%) Staphylococcus aureus (35,3%) et Haemophilus influenzae (7,5% ). Les principaux antibiotiques actifs sur ces différents germes étaient : vis à vis de S. pneumoniae les céphalosporines de 2è et 3è génération (100%), amoxicilline+acide clavulanique (96,4%) les céphalosporines de 1ère génération (95%). La résistance à la pénicilline G était de 46,4% ; vis à vis de S. aureus, le céfuroxime, la vancomycine et la pristinamycine étaient actives à 100% contre 91,3% pour la gentamicine et la tobramycine, alors que l'oxacilline avait une résistance de 13,8% et enfin vis à vis de H. influenzae l'amoxicilline+acide clavulanique, les céphalosporines des trois générations et les quinolones avait une activité de 100% et le cotrimoxazole une résistance de 100% contre 60% pour le choramphénicol. Pour couvrir ces trois germes dans notre environnement nous proposons de prescrire en première intention dans l'empyème pleural de l'enfant l'une des deux associations suivantes : soit amoxicilline + acide clavulanique et gentamicine soit céfuroxime et gentamicine ou alors vancomycine seule en cas de S. aureus si ce dernier antibiotique est disponible. Keywords: Antibiotherapy - Child - Empyema thoracis -Yaounde - Cameroon.Clinics in Mother and Child Health Vol. 4 (1) 2007: pp. 641-64