Ambient particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is associated with the ratio of type 2 diabetes to obesity

JRS was supported by the 1000 talents program and a Wolfson merit award from the Royal Sociey. MM was supported by a TWAS studentship of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Background: Assessments of age-specifc\ua0mortality\ua0and\ua0life\ua0expectancy\ua0have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the\ua0Global\ua0Burden\ua0of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors\ua0Study\ua0(GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in\ua0a\ua0way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD\ua02017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the\ua0mortality\ua0experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of\ua0mortality\ua0rates between 1950 and\ua02017\ua0for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this\ua0analysis\ua0used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into\ua0a\ua0model\ua0life\ua0table system to produce complete\ua0life\ua0tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and\ua0mortality\ua0due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc\ua0mortality\ua0and development status using the Socio-demographic Index,\ua0a\ua0composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD\ua02017\ua0compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD\ua0study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the\ua0analysis\ua0have been further standardised and improved; and the\ua0analysis\ua0has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18\ub77% (95% uncertainty interval 18\ub74-19\ub70) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58\ub78% (58\ub72-59\ub73) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the\ua0global\ua0level, between 1950 and\ua02017,\ua0life\ua0expectancy\ua0increased from 48\ub71 years (46\ub75-49\ub76) to 70\ub75 years (70\ub71-70\ub78) for men and from 52\ub79 years (51\ub77-54\ub70) to 75\ub76 years (75\ub73-75\ub79) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in\ua0life\ua0expectancy\ua0at birth in\ua02017, which ranges from 49\ub71 years (46\ub75-51\ub77) for men in the Central African Republic to 87\ub76 years (86\ub79-88\ub71) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5\ua0mortality\ua0dropped from 216\ub70 deaths (196\ub73-238\ub71) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38\ub79 deaths (35\ub76-42\ub783) per 1000 livebirths in\ua02017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5\ub74 million (5\ub72-5\ub76) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in\ua02017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing\ua0mortality\ua0rates in several countries. The gap between male and female\ua0life\ua0expectancy\ua0between 1950 and\ua02017, while relatively stable at the\ua0global\ua0level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed\ua0mortality\ua0rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This\ua0analysis\ua0of age-sex-specifc\ua0mortality\ua0shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population\ua0mortality\ua0across countries. The fndings of this\ua0study\ua0highlight\ua0global\ua0successes, such as the large decline in under-5\ua0mortality, which refects signifcant local,\ua0national, and\ua0global\ua0commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to\ua0mortality\ua0patterns that are\ua0a\ua0cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to\ua0a\ua0lesser extent, women, whose\ua0mortality\ua0rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this\ua0study, and in some cases are increasing

The Link between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Inflammation and Glucose/ Insulin Homeostasis Is Mediated by Adiposity Factors in American Adults

Prior studies have suggested a significant association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations with markers of inflammation and glucose and insulin homeostasis. However, it is unclear whether these associations are confounded or mediated by adiposity. We used an established mediation analysis to investigate the role of adiposity in the relation between serum 25(OH)D with markers of inflammation and glucose and insulin metabolism. We used data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2010), to evaluate the associations between serum 25(OH)D and markers of insulin resistance or inflammation, and whether these associations are mediated by adiposity factors including body mass index (BMI, marker of body adiposity), waist circumference (WC, marker of central adiposity), anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue (apVAT), and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI). Analysis of co-variance and conceptual causal mediation analysis were conducted taking into consideration the survey design and sample weights. A total of 16,621 individuals were included; 8607 (48.3%) participants were men and the mean age of the population was 47.1 years. Mean 25(OH)D serum concentration for the overall population was 57.9\ub10.1 nmol/L with minimal differences between men and women (57.5\ub10.2 nmol/L and 58.2\ub10.2 nmol/L, respectively). After adjustment for age, sex, season and race/ethnicity, mean levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), apolipoprotein B (apo-B), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and β cell function (HOMA-β), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and 2-h glucose were lower for the top quartile of serum 25(OH)D (all p<0.001). Body mass index (BMI) was found to have significant mediation effects (to varied extent) on the associations between serum 25(OH)D and CRP, apo-B, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B and HbA1c (all p<0.05). Both waist circumference and apVAT were also found to partly mediate the associations between serum 25(OH)D with CRP, FBG, HbA1c, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol (all P < 0.05). VAI was found to have mediation effects on CRP only (p<0.001). Using a mediation model, our findings suggest that the relationship between serum 25(OH)D, insulin resistance and inflammation, may be in part mediated by adiposity. These findings support the importance of optimizing 25(OH)D status in conditions with abnormal adiposity (i.e., obesity) and treatments for the prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases affecting adipose tissue metabolism (i.e., weight loss)

Treatment with GLP1 receptor agonists reduce serum CRP concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Aim: To undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RAs) therapy on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. Method: PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched for the period up until March 16 2016. Prospective studies evaluating the impact of GLP-1 RAs on serum CRP were identified. A random effects model (using the DerSimonian-Laird method) and generic inverse variance methods were used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the I2 index. Random effects meta-regression was performed using unrestricted maximum likelihood method to evaluate the impact of potential moderator. International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) number CRD42016036868. Results: Meta-analysis of the data from 7 treatment arms revealed a significant reduction in serum CRP concentrations following treatment with GLP-1 RAs (WMD –2.14 (mg/dL), 95% CI -3.51, –0.78, P=0.002; I2 96.1%). Removal of one study in the meta-analysis did not change the result in the sensitivity analysis (WMD –2.14(mg/dL), 95% CI -3.51, –0.78, P=0.002; I2 96.1%), indicating that our results could not be solely attributed to the effect of a single study. Random effects meta-regression was performed to evaluate the impact of potential moderator on the estimated effect size. Changes in serum CRP concentration were associated with the duration of treatment (slope –0.097, 95% CI –0.158, -0.042, P<0.001). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that GLP-1 RAs therapy causes a significant reduction in CRP

Impact of probiotic administration on serum C-reactive protein concentrations: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials

We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to determine the effect of probiotic administration on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. We searched PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases (until May 2016) to identify prospective studies evaluating the impact of probiotic administration on CRP. We used a random effects models and generic inverse variance methods to synthesize quantitative data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. The systematic review registration number was: CRD42016039457. From a total of 425 entries identified via searches, 20 studies were included in the final analysis. The meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in serum CRP following probiotic administration with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of -1.35 mg/L, (95% confidence interval (CI) -2.15 to -0.55, I² 65.1%). The WMDs for interleukin 10 (IL10) was -1.65 pg/dL, (95% CI -3.45 to 0.14, I² 3.1%), and -0.45 pg/mL, (95% CI -1.38 to 0.48, I² 10.2%) for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. This meta-analysis suggests that probiotic administration may significantly reduce serum CRP while having no significant effect on serum IL10 and TNF-α

Association of Dietary Intakes and Genetically Determined Serum Concentrations of Mono and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights from Dietary Analysis and Mendelian Randomization

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake is generally associated with better renal function, while the association of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) remains unconfirmed. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to obtain unconfounded estimates of the causal association of dietary intake and genetically determined serum PUFA and MUFA levels with measures of renal function. Data from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2005 to 2010 were used. Data from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on MUFAs, PUFAs, eGFR, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were analysed for the entire sample. A total of 16,025 participants were included. eGFR improved across increasing quartiles of total PUFA intake from 86.3 &plusmn; 0.5 (Q1) to 96.2 &plusmn; 0.5 mL/min/1.73 m&sup2; (Q4), (p &lt; 0.001). Conversely, there was no association between MUFA intake and measures of renal function (all p &gt; 0.21). In multivariable models, the top quartile of PUFA intake had a 21% lower risk for CKD, but there was no significant association between CKD risk and MUFA intake. Genetically determined serum MUFA (heptadecenoate (17:1), myristoleic acid (14:1), and palmitoleic acid (16:1)) and PUFA (&alpha;-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) concentrations had no significant association with eGFR and CKD risk. Additionally, no association was found in the analyses stratified by diabetes status. Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with lower risk of CKD, while there was no association with serum levels of MUFAs or PUFAs. Additional studies including clinical trials are warranted

Impact of Obesity and Ozone on the Association Between Particulate Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke Mortality Among US Adults

Funding 1000 Talents Professorship of the Chinese Government Royal Society Third World Academy of Sciences Presidential Studentship Chinese Academy of SciencesPeer reviewedPublisher PD

The effect of ginger supplementation on serum C-reactive protein, lipid profile and glycaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim: To undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies to determine the effect of ginger supplementation on serum C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile, and glycaemia. Method: PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar databases were searched (up until July 2016) to identify prospective studies evaluating the impact of ginger supplementation on serum CRP. Random-effects model meta-analysis was used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. Heterogeneity was quantitatively assessed using the I2 index. Systematic review registration: CRD42016035973. Results: From a total of 265 entries identified via searches, 9 studies were included in the final selection. The meta-analysis indicated a significant reduction in serum CRP concentrations following ginger supplementation [weighted mean difference (WMD)-0.84 mg/L (95% CI -1.38 to -0.31, I2 56.3%)]. The WMD for fasting blood glucose and HbA1c was -1.35 mg/dl (95% CI -2.04 to -0.58, I2 12.1%) and -1.01 (95% CI -1.28 to -0.72, I2 9.4%), respectively. Moreover, high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride significantly improved after ginger administration [1.16 mg/dl (95% CI 0.52 to 1.08, I2 12.3%) and -1.63 mg/dl (95% CI -3.10 to -0.17, I2 8.1%), respectively]. These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. Random-effects meta-regression revealed that changes in serum CRP levels were independent of the dosage of ginger supplementation (slope -0.20; 95% CI -0.95 to 0.55; p=0.60). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that ginger supplementation significantly reduces serum CRP and improves glycaemia indexes and lipid profile. Randomized control trials with larger sample size and with a longer-term follow-up period should be considered for future investigations

The Association of Red Meat Intake with Inflammation and Circulating Intermediate Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Is Mediated by Central Adiposity

\ua9 The Author(s) 2019. We explored the role of lipid accumulation products and visceral adiposity on the association between red meat consumption and markers of insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation in US adults. Data on red meat consumption, and health outcome measurements were extracted from the 2005-2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Overall 16,621 participants were included in the analysis (mean age = 47.1 years, 48.3% men). Analysis of co-variance and "conceptus causal mediation" models were applied, while accounting for survey design. In adjusted models, a lower red meat consumption was significantly associated with a cardio-protective profile of IR and inflammation. Body mass index (BMI) had significant mediation effects on the associations between red meat consumption and C-reactive protein (CRP), Apolipoprotein-B, fasting glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) IR and β-cell function, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride to high density lipoprotein (TG:HDL) ratio and triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index (all p &lt; 0.05). Both waist circumference and anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue (apVAT) mediated the association between red meat consumption with CRP, FBG, HbA1c, TG: HDL ratio and TyG index (all p &lt; 0.05). Our findings suggest that adiposity, particularly the accumulation of abdominal fat, accounts for a significant proportion of the associations between red meat consumption IR and inflammation

Association of Fast-Food and Full-Service Restaurant Densities With Mortality From Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke, and the Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus

Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr Karen Byth for her assistance in the statistical analysis.Peer reviewedPublisher PD