Stereospecific conversion of alcohols into pinacol boronic esters using lithiation-borylation methodology with pinacolborane

The synthesis of primary and secondary pinacol boronic esters via lithiation–borylation of carbamates and benzoates with pinacolborane is described. This new protocol enables the highly selective synthesis of enantioenriched and geometrically defined boronic esters that cannot otherwise be accessed by alternative methodologies

Comparing the effects of a combined phytogenic feed additive with an individual essential oil of oregano on intestinal morphology and microflora in broilers

The effects of dietary supplementation of oregano essential oil (OEO) and a commercial blend of phytogenic (CBP) on intestinal properties, the number of ileal Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus were investigated in broilers. Two hundred 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned to 4 dietary treatments that include: (1) Control (without phytogenic), (2) CBP (150 ppm), (3) OEO (300 ppm) and (4) OEO (500 ppm). Each of the 4 diets was fed to 5 replicates of 10 chicks from hatching to 42 d of age. Jejunal and ileal villi height increased and mascularis thickness decreased by 300 ppm OEO; however, villi surface area and villus height to crypt depth ratio were higher and crypt depth was lower in jejunum compared with control or those fed CBP in the diet (P < .05). In comparison to broilers fed control, CBP and either level of OEO reduced (P <  .01) ileal E. coli count at d 21, whereas Lactobacillus count was not different among treatments. From the results, it was concluded that supplementation of 300 ppm OEO in broilers’ diet could improve morphometric parameters of the small intestine and reduce the presence of E. coil in ileal content

Effects of a combination of phytase and multi-carbohydrase enzymes in low-density corn–soybean meal based diets on growth performance and ileal nutrients digestibility of male broilers

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of phytase and carbohydrase on growth performance and ileal digestibility of nutrients in broilers fed low-density corn–soybean meal-based diets. A total of 280 one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments, with 4 replicates of 10 birds. Dietary treatments were (1) full nutrient specification without enzyme supplementation (positive control; PC), (2) diet with reduced nutrients as a phytase matrix (negative control; NC), (3) NC + phytase (500 FTU/kg diet), 4) NC + multi-carbohydrase (0.1 g/kg), (5) NC + phytase + multi-carbohydrase, (6) diet with reduced nutrients as phytase and multi-carbohydrase matrices; low negative control (LNC), and (7) LNC + phytase + multi-carbohydrase. Broilers fed either NC or LNC diets had lower body weight gain, the European production efficiency factor, and a higher feed conversion ratio than those fed PC diet (p < .01). Broilers fed LNC diet had lower dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility, and apparent ileal digestible energy (AIDE) than those fed PC diet (p < .01). Multi-carbohydrase supplementation on top of phytase-containing NC diets resulted in a similar effect on performance and digestibility of DM and AIDE in broilers compared with LNC diets containing phytase and multi-carbohydrase. Digestibility of CP was lower in NC + multi-carbohydrase groups than NC + phytase + multi-carbohydrase (p < .01). In conclusion, multi-carbohydrase was successful in improving broiler performance and nutrients digestibility in the diet based on the corn–soybean meal with lower nutrient density; thus, when supplementing it as a second enzyme in diets containing phytase, its matrix value should be considered for least-cost feed formulation.HIGHLIGHTS Phytase and carbohydrase matrix values should be considered when enzyme combination using in C-SBM diet. Carbohydrase improved broiler performance and nutrients digestibility in C-SBM diet with lower nutrient density. Cost-effectiveness use of enzyme combination in diets could reduce nutrient excretion

Effects of ground thyme and probiotic supplements in diets on broiler performance, blood biochemistry and immunological response to sheep red blood cells

A trial was conducted to study the effects of the aromatic plant thyme, a commercial probiotic (Protexin) and avilamycin on broiler performance, blood biochemical parameters and also the antibody response to sheep red blood cells. A total of 750 broilers were assigned into five replicate groups for each of five dietary treatments, namely; control (C), 2.5 mg/kg avilamycin (AB), 0.1 g/kg commercial probiotic (P), 5 g/kg ground thyme (T1), and 7.5 g/kg ground thyme (T2). In general, body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were not affected by dietary treatments compared to the control birds (P&gt;0.05). Birds fed the P supplemented treatment had the greatest serum protein levels (P&lt;0.001) and highest albumin levels (P&lt;0.001) when compared with control birds, while the birds fed T2 had the lowest (P&lt;0.001). Dietary supplementation reduced (P&lt;0.001) cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum of broilers, with the effect were more noticeable by P supplements. Moreover, blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations were higher (P&lt;0.001) in birds fed the P-supplemented diet compared to the birds fed the control diets. This study suggests that probiotic supplementation in particular, and to an intermediate extent ground thyme supplementation in diets of broiler, resulted in chicks with favorably improved blood biochemical parameters and mineral utilization, compared to the birds fed diets supplemented with avilamycin or without any supplementation