Scalable synthesis of ionic liquids: comparison of performances of microstructured and stirred batch reactors

A range of alkylpyridinium bromide ionic liquids have been synthesized in a stirred reactor at multigram scale and characterized by physical methods (viscosity, conductivity, melting point, electrochemical window, and water content). One ionic liquid, octylpyridinium bromide, was chosen to be synthesized in both macro and reduced scale reactors, in order to compare its performance and to afford evidence of the advantages of a cross channel micro reactor (channel width = 1 mm) compared to a stirred reactor

La fonction d’Attaché de Coopération pour le Français

Analyser les cadres administratifs et budgétaires des missions de l’Attaché de Coopération pour le Français ainsi que les savoirs indispensables à l’exercice de ses fonctions s’avère indispensable pour mettre en lumière les difficultés quotidiennes que vivent ces agents et l’importance de leur rôle pour la diffusion de la langue et de la culture française

Revisiting the Diego Blood Group System in Amerindians: Evidence for Gene-Culture Comigration

International audienceSix decades ago the DI*A allele of the Diego blood group system was instrumental in proving Native American populations originated from Siberia. Since then, it has received scant attention. The present study was undertaken to reappraise distribution of the DI*A allele in 144 Native American populations based on current knowledge. Using analysis of variance tests, frequency distribution was studied according to geographical, environmental, and cultural parameters. Frequencies were highest in Amazonian populations. In contrast, DI*A was undetectable in subarctic, Fuegian, Panamanian, Chaco and Yanomama populations. Closer study revealed a correlation that this unequal distribution was correlated with language, suggesting that linguistic divergence was a driving force in the expansion of DI*A among Native Americans. The absence of DI*A in circumpolar Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene speakers was consistent with a late migratory event confined to North America. Distribution of DI*A in subtropical areas indicated that gene and culture exchanges were more intense within than between ecozones. Bolstering the utility of classical genetic markers in biological anthropology, the present study of the expansion of Diego blood group genetic polymorphism in Native Americans shows strong evidence of gene-culture comigration

La diversité génétique humaine : reflet des modalités d'expansion et des milieux conquis

International audienc