Fabrication and Characterization of Fiber Optical Components for Application in Guiding, Sensing and Molding of THz and Mid-IR Radiation

Le domaine du térahertz (THz) se réfère aux ondes électromagnétiques dont les fréquences sont comprises entre 0.1 et 10 THz, ou encore pour des longueurs d'onde entre 3 mm et 30 μm. Ce type de radiation, qui se situe entre les ondes radios et la lumière infrarouge, possède des propriétés uniques. Les ondes térahertz peuvent passer à travers diverses substances amorphes, plusieurs matériaux synthétiques et des textiles, mais aussi des diélectriques non polaires tels des matériaux à base de pâtes et papiers, qui sont aussi partiellement transparents aux ondes térahertz. Plusieurs biomolécules, protéines, explosifs ou narcotiques, possèdent aussi des lignes d'absorption caractéristiques (entre 0.1 and 2 THz) tels des « codes barres » permettant de les identifier. Il y a deux avantages principaux à l'utilisation des ondes THz: d'une part elles peuvent pénétrer des matériaux normalement opaques à d'autres fréquences, et d'autre part, et elles permettent une haute sélectivité chimique. Par ailleurs, les ondes THz possèdent une basse énergie (1 THz = 4.1 meV), soit un million de fois plus faible que les rayons X, et ne causent pas d'effets photo-ionisant néfastes aux tissus biologiques. Ceci offre un avantage majeur autant pour l'imagerie de tissus biologiques que dans un contexte médical opérationnel, pour lesquels diverses substances doivent être exposées à la radiation THz. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, j'ai travaillé sur trois sujets de recherche principaux. Le premier sujet concerne le développement de nouvelles méthodes de fabrication et de caractérisation térahertz de couches minces composites contenant une matrice de microfils alignés en métal (alliage d'étain) ou en verres semi-conducteurs de chalcogénures (As2Se3). Les matrices de microfils sont fabriquées par la technique d'empilement-et-étirage de fibres employant de multiples étapes de co-étirage de métaux et verres semi-conducteurs à basse température de fusion, avec les polymères. Les fibres sont ensuite empilées et comprimées ensembles pour former des couches minces en composites (i.e. couches de métamatériaux). La transmission optique à travers ces couches minces de métamatériaux a été effectuée sur toute la plage des térahertz (0.120 THz) en combinant les mesures d'un spectromètre infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) ainsi qu'un spectromètre térahertz résolu dans le temps (THz-TDS). Les couches de métamatériaux comportant des microfils de métal démontrent de fortes propriétés polarisantes, alors que ceux contenant des microfils semi-conducteurs permettent un large contrôle de l'indice de réfraction tout en étant insensibles à la polarisation incidente. Grâce----------Abstract The terahertz (THz) range refers to electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 100 GHz and 10 THz, or wavelengths between 3 mm and 30 μm. Light between radio waves and infrared has some unique properties. Terahertz waves pass through a variety of amorphous substances, many synthetics and textiles, but also nonpolar dielectric materials, like paper-based materials and cardboard, are transparent to the terahertz waves. Many biomolecules, proteins, explosives or narcotics also have unique characteristic absorption lines, so-called spectral “fingerprints”, at frequencies between 0.1 and 2 THz. There are two main advantages of the terahertz radiation: penetration of conventionally opaque materials on the one hand, and their non-ionising nature on the other hand. Particularly, THz waves have low photon energies (1 THz = 4.1 meV), one million times weaker than X-rays, and will not cause harmful photoionization in biological tissues. This has advantages both for imaging biological materials and in operational contexts where different objects have to be exposed to THz radiation. Within the scope of this work I would like to address three main research topics. In Chapter 2, I describe fabrication method and THz characterization of composite films containing either aligned metallic (tin alloy) microwires or chalcogenide As2Se3 microwires. The microwire arrays are made by stack-and-draw fiber fabrication technique using multi-step co-drawing of low-melting-temperature metals or semiconductor glasses together with polymers. Fibers are then stacked together and pressed into composite films. Transmission through metamaterial films is studied in the whole THz range (0.120 THz) using a combination of FTIR and TDS. Metal containing metamaterials are found to have strong polarizing properties, while semiconductor containing materials are polarization independent and could have a designable high refractive index. Using the transfer matrix theory, it was shown how to retrieve the complex polarization dependent refractive index of the composite films. We then detail the selfconsistent algorithm for retrieving the optical properties of the metal alloy used in the fabrication of the metamaterial layers by using an effective medium approximation. Finally, we study challenges in fabrication of metamaterials with sub-micrometer metallic wires by repeated stack-and-draw process by comparing samples made using 2, 3 and 4 consecutive drawings. When using metallic alloys we observe phase separation effects and nano-grids formation on small metallic wires

Selective detection of bacterial layers with terahertz plasmonic antennas

Current detection and identification of micro-organisms is based on either rather unspecific rapid microscopy or on more accurate complex, time-consuming procedures. In a medical context, the determination of the bacteria Gram type is of significant interest. The diagnostic of microbial infection often requires the identification of the microbiological agent responsible for the infection, or at least the identification of its family (Gram type), in a matter of minutes. In this work, we propose to use terahertz frequency range antennas for the enhanced selective detection of bacteria types. Several microorganisms are investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy: a fast, contactless and damage-free investigation method to gain information on the presence and the nature of the microorganisms. We demonstrate that plasmonic antennas enhance the detection sensitivity for bacterial layers and allow the selective recognition of the Gram type of the bacteria

Computer simulation of Rayleigh-Bénard instability in a square box

The process is considered in 2D and 3D approaches. The main goal of the work is to analyse the stability of two dimensional rolls with respect to 3D disturbances and the flow pattern evolution for different Rayleigh number Ra and wave number k0. Skewed varicose, oscillatory and spiral chaos defect instabilities have been observed. Results are in good agreement with Busse theoretical data on the satbility of horizontal layer of fluid and experimental data

Terahertz Faraday rotation in a magnetic liquid: High magneto-optical figure of merit and broadband operation in a ferrofluid

We report on the demonstration of a high figure of merit (FOM) Faraday rotation in a liquid in the terahertz (THz) regime. Using a ferrofluid, a high broadband rotation (11 mrad/mm) is experimentally demonstrated in the frequency range of 0.2–0.9 THz at room temperature. Given the low absorption of the liquid, a high magneto-optical figure of merit (5-16 rad.cm/T) is obtained

Simple modeling of the thermal history of d.c. plasma sprayed agglomerated nanosized zirconia particles

International audienceIn this work, are presented the results of a model coupling both dynamic and thermal histories of a single zirconia particle injected into a d.c plasma jet. The model developed calculates the heat transfer and phase changes within the particle along its trajectory. It is based on the Stefan problem with an explicit determination of the position of the interface solid/liquid. The evaporation is described according to the approach “Back pressure” The model is adapted to the calculation of thermal and dynamic behaviors of agglomerated particles