The role of microbiota and immune system crosstalk in cancer development and therapy

Cancer is a multifactorial disease that is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease in the world. In recent years, microbiota's role in the regulation and homeostasis of the immune system has been considered. Moreover, the immune system can affect the microbiota content. These interactions are critical to the functioning of the immune system. Numerous studies in animal and human models have shown the association of changes in microbiota components with the formation of an inhibitory microenvironment in the tumor and its escape from the immune system. Microbiota also plays a crucial role in the success of various anti-tumor treatments, and its modification leads to success in cancer treatment. The success of anti-tumor therapies that directly target the immune system, such as immune checkpoint blockade and T cell therapy, is also affected by the patient's microbiota composition. It seems that in addition to examining the patient's genetics, precision medicine should pay attention to the patient's microbiota in choosing the appropriate treatment method, and together with usual anti-tumor therapies, microbiota may be modified. This review discusses various aspects of the relationship between microbiota and anti-tumor immunity and its successful treatment

Introduce a novel post-biotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation using Escherchia coli Nissle1917 outer membrane vesicles

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that can cause acute infections as well as chronic ones in humans. The expression of algD and PpyR genes involved in biofilm formation in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in the presence of Escherichia coli Nissle1917 outer membranes vesicles (EcN OMVs) was evaluated. All isolates were tested for biofilm formation. qPCR and disk diffusion were used to identify the expression of algD and PpyR genes, and antimicrobial resistance, respectively. EcN OMVs caused a more significant loss of algD and PpyR expression, compared with the control group. EcN OMVs contain a variety of biomolecules that are capable of influencing the biofilm formation genes. EcN OMVs treatment reduced P. aeruginosa biofilm formation significantly, which emphasizes their positive role in inhibiting biofilm formation. As a result, EcN OMVs can be used as new therapeutic strategies for inhibiting P. aeruginosa biofilm formation

Impact of gut microbiota on immune system

The commensal microflora collection known as microbiota has an essential role in maintaining the host's physiological homeostasis. The microbiota has a vital role in induction and regulation of local and systemic immune responses. On the other hand, the immune system involves maintaining microbiota compositions. Optimal microbiota-immune system cross-talk is essential for protective responses to pathogens and immune tolerance to self and harmless environmental antigens. Any change in this symbiotic relationship may cause susceptibility to diseases. The association of various cancers and autoimmune diseases with microbiota has been proven. Here we review the interaction of immune responses to gut microbiota, focusing on innate and adaptive immune system and disease susceptibility

Biodiesel production by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) seed oil

The increasing global demand for fuel, limited fossil fuel resources, and increasing concern about the upturn in gaseous CO2 emissions are the key drivers of research and development into sources of renewable liquid transport fuels, such as biodiesel. In the present work, we demonstrate biodiesel production from Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) seed oil by lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Sweet basil seeds contain 22% oil on a dry weight basis. Artificial neural network with genetic algorithm modelling was used to optimize reaction. Temperature, catalyst concentration, time, and methanol to oil molar ratio were the input factors in the optimization study, while fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was the key model output. FAME composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The optimized transesterification process resulted in a 94.58% FAME yield after reaction at 47 °C for 68 h in the presence of 6% w/w catalyst and a methanol to oil ratio of 10:1. The viscosity, density, calorific value, pour point, and cloud point of the biodiesel derived from sweet basil seed oil conformed to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standard specifications. The antioxidant stability of the biodiesel did not meet these specifications but could be improved via the addition of antioxidant

Rice bran oil based biodiesel production using calcium oxide catalyst derived from Chicoreus brunneus shell

Environmental pollution and the declining global supply of accessible fossil fuels are the key drivers of the search for alternative sources of energy. Biodiesel, a renewable liquid transport fuel, is commercially-produced using heterogeneous catalysts. \ud \ud Heterogeneous catalysts obtained from seashells appeared as promising alternatives thanks to their low preparation cost and increased efficiency in transesterification. In this study, shells from Chicoreus brunneus (known as Adusta murex) were calcined, hydrated, and dehydrated to produce CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the transesterification of rice bran oil into biodiesel. \ud \ud Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, surface area measurement (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method), and X-ray diffraction were used to characterise the seashell-derived catalyst. The properties of the rice bran oil-derived biodiesel (acid value, calorific value, density, oxidation stability, and flash point) conformed to the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 and European EN 14214 biodiesel standards, except for kinematic viscosity. \ud \ud Therefore, the impact of the parameters used for production of the CaO heterogeneous nanocatalyst (calcination temperature and time) and the transesterification reaction (catalyst loading and methanol to rice bran oil ratio) on the kinematic viscosity of RBO-derived biodiesel were determined. \ud \ud A model for the transesterification process was developed using a combination of artificial neural networking with ant colony optimisation. The model predicted that C. brunneus-derived CaO catalyst prepared at 1100 °C for 72 min could be used to produce biodiesel from rice bran oil with a minimum kinematic viscosity (4.42 mm2 s-1) confirming to both the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards in a transesterification reaction operating with a 35:1 methanol to rice bran oil molar ratio and 0.5 wt% catalyst mass

An overview of biodiesel production via calcium oxide based catalysts: current state and perspective

Abstract: Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, liquid fuel that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification as pure or blend. Transesterification (the primary process for biodiesel generation) via heterogeneous catalysis using low-cost waste feedstocks for catalyst synthesis improves the economics of biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts are preferred for the industrial generation of biodiesel due to their robustness and low costs due to the easy separation and relatively higher reusability. Calcium oxides found in abundance in nature, e.g., in seashells and eggshells, are promising candidates for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts. However, process improvements are required to design productive calcium oxide-based catalysts at an industrial scale. The current work presents an overview of the biodiesel production advancements using calcium oxide-based catalysts (e.g., pure, supported, and mixed with metal oxides). The review discusses different factors involved in the synthesis of calcium oxide-based catalysts, and the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield of calcium oxide-based catalysis are studied. Further, the common reactor designs used for the heterogeneous catalysis using calcium oxide-based catalysts are explained. Moreover, the catalytic activity mechanism, challenges and prospects of the application of calcium oxide-based catalysts in biodiesel generation are discussed. The study of calcium oxide-based catalyst should continue to be evaluated for the potential of their application in the commercial sector as they remain the pivotal goal of these studies