Clinical Characteristics of Hyponatremia

Background & aims : We investigated the contributing factors of hyponatremia in patients on nutrition support using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods : Thirty patients administered enteral or parenteral nutrition support for at least 72 hours were studied. We collected nutritional and electrolyte intake, serum biochemical parameters, and body composition measured by BIA. Patients were classified into two groups according to their serum sodium levels : (1) Normanatremia group, 135–145 mEq / L (n = 18) and (2) Hyponatremia group, less than 135 mEq / L (n = 12), and their characteristics were analyzed. Results : There were no significant differences between the Normonatremia and Hyponatremia groups in terms of energy, protein, and sodium intake. Serum biochemical parameters other than serum sodium and chloride levels were comparable between the two groups. On the other hand, the ratio of extracellular water to total body water (ECW / TBW) obtained by BIA was significantly higher in the Hyponatremia group than in the Normonatremia group. Further, an elevated ECW / TBW significantly and negatively correlated with serum albumin level. Conclusions : Regardless of sodium intake, higher ECW / TBW was associated with hyponatremia in patients on nutrition support. ECW / TBW may be an important clinical parameter relevant to the nutritional care of hyponatremia

Strategies of Impoliteness in Japanese Spontaneous Talks

If, on the one hand, Japanese language, with its richness of marked allomorphs used for honorifics, has been considered one of the most attractive languages to investigate the phenomenon of politeness, on the other hand, a very small number of studies have been devoted to Japanese impoliteness, most of them limited to BBSs’ (Bulletin Board System) chats on Internet. Interestingly, Japanese native speakers declare, in general, that their language has a very limited number of offensive expressions and that ‘impoliteness’ is not a characteristic of their mother tongue. I tried to analyse some samples of spontaneous conversations taken from YouTube and other multimedia repertoires, in order to detect the main strategies used in Japanese real conversations to cause offence or to show a threatening attitude toward the partner’s face. It seems possible to state that, notwithstanding the different ‘cultural’ peculiarities, impoliteness shows, also in Japanese, a set of strategies common to other languages and that impoliteness, in terms of morphology, is not a mirror counterpart of keigo

対人コミュニケーションの言語問題

会議名: 第9回 国立国語研究所国際シンポジウム 第1部会, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 2001年10月22日 10:00-17:00, 主催: 国立国語研究

談話のポライトネス : ポライトネスの談話理論構想

会議名: 第7回 国立国語研究所国際シンポジウム 第4専門部会, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 1999年12月4日 10:00-17:00, 主催: 国立国語研究

高齢社会のよりよいコミュニケーション環境づくりのために

東京外国語大

ポライトネス理論研究のフロンティア : ポライトネス理論研究の課題とディスコース・ポライトネス理論

東京外国語大学Tokyo University of Foreign Studie

日本語の「スタイル」にかかわる研究の概観と展望 : 日本語会話におけるスピーチレベルシフトに関する研究を中心に

東京外国語大学Tokyo University of Foreign Studie

The Possibility of Research on Politeness in the 21st Century : The New Development of Discourse Politeness Theory

国立国語研究所National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsThis paper briefly reviews the universal theory of politeness put forward by Brown and Levinson in 1978/1987 and the series of argument related to it. It also summarizes the development of politeness research, which especially includes researches under the politeness discursive approach and the politeness theoretical approach since 1990. The politeness discursive approach refers to politeness, honorific systems, honorific use, and cross-cultural comparative and contrastive study in various languages. With its focus on universal explanation, interpretation and prediction of politeness realization in different cultures, the politeness theoretical approach refers to a study of "theoretical" construction based on the motivation of a "realization" of politeness in different languages and cultures. On the basis of confirming the significance, functions and problems of the above contents, this paper, relating to the dialogue research used for dialogue system construction in the current rapidly developing artificial intelligence research, discusses the latest development of discourse politeness theory in the 21st century and the direction of future development

『BTSJ日本語自然会話コーパス』における反論ストラテジーの分析

Hubei University of Education / National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2019, 開催地: 国立国語研究所, 会期: 2019年9月2日−4日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター本研究では、『BTSJ日本語自然会話コーパス』の中から、異性友人間の討論会話5会話（計88分）を用い、反論の発話や談話を、その中に現れた言語形式（「疑問文」、「終助詞」、「接続詞」等）の観点からコーディングを行い、分析した。その結果、反論を行う際は、なんらかの形で「フェイス侵害度」を緩和するストラテジーが用いられており、言語形式としては、「よね、ね、さ、けど」などの「終助詞」、「疑問文」、「でも」などの「接続詞」がこの順によく用いられていること、「笑い」が共起する傾向、男性は女性より「疑問文」を多く使う傾向にあることなどが明らかになった