Distribution of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Milling Fractions from Fusarium-Infected Japanese Wheat Cultivars

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M. 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the I B, 2B, I M. and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION. 73(10):1817-1823 (2010)journal articl

Distribution of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol in Milling Fractions from Fusarium-Infected Japanese Wheat Cultivars

Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Food Protection. Copyright held by the International Association for Food Protection, Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.A.The fate of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during the milling of Japanese wheat cultivars artificially infected with Fusarium was investigated. Grain samples with different mycotoxin concentrations were milled using a laboratory-scale test mill to produce eight fractions: three breaking flours (1B, 2B, and 3B), three reduction flours (1M. 2M, and 3M), wheat bran, and wheat shorts. Patent flour for human consumption was made from the I B, 2B, I M. and 2M flours, and low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M flours. The four resulting samples (patent flour, low-grade flour, bran, and shorts) were analyzed for deoxynivalenol and/or nivalenol with an in-house validated analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. In samples with different mycotoxin concentrations, the distribution of those toxins differed among the milling fractions. Grains with a lower level of contamination produced bran and shorts samples with a high relative concentration of nivalenol. A high percentage of nivalenol was found in patent flour, followed by bran. Contrary to the less-contaminated sample, the concentration of nivalenol in moderately contaminated grain was high only in the shorts sample. The highest percentage of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol was observed in the patent flour. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in milled Japanese wheat could be influenced by the contamination level of the original grain, and the milling process is not always effective for removal of toxins from wheat grains.ArticleJOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION. 73(10):1817-1823 (2010)journal articl

スイトウ ノ サイバイ シュウカク ホウ オヨビ シュシ ノ オオキサ ガ ハツガ シュツガ セイ ニ オヨボス エイキョウ

不耕起乾田状態での水稲直播栽培では,出芽・苗立ちの良否が大きな問題である。そこで本研究では,収穫方法および栽培条件など播種用種子の前歴の効果を検討した。水稲品種コシヒカリを供試し,シャーレによる発芽試験,およびシードリングケースとポットを用いた出芽試験を行った。コンバイン収穫種子では発芽が促進され,播種深度3cm大粒区での出芽が促進された。また,人為衝撃を加えた手刈り収穫種子でも,発芽促進が認められた。これらのことから,収穫時の衝撃が,種子の発芽・出芽を促進する可能性が考えられた。また,ポット栽培種子では水田栽培種子より発芽・出芽が促進された。シードリングケース出芽試験では,播種深度1cmの場合に種子形状の相違による差異は見られなかったが,播種深度3cmでは,大粒種子の出芽が顕著に促進された。これらのことから,コンバイン収穫による種子であっても大粒種子を用いれば深播きでも出芽苗立ちに良い効果が出る可能性が考えられた。The seedling establishment is one of the most important factors for successful direct sowing cultivation of paddy rice. This study aims to investigate effects of cultivating and harvesting conditions on germination and emergence of direct-sown rice seeds. A Japanese cultivar Koshihikari was used as experimental material. The study showed that seed germination and emergence tended to be promoted by shock or injury given by the mechanical harvesting although the cause was not necessarily clear and also that large seeds were easy to emerge when sown deeply in 3cm depth

フ コウキ カンデン ジョウケン ニ オケル シュツガ シンド ノ ソウイ ガ ジカマキ スイトウ ノ シュツガ リツ ナエ ダチ ナラビニ セイイク ニ オヨボス エイキョウ

不耕起乾田状態での直播栽培において,出芽深度の深浅が出芽・苗立ち・生育に及ぼす影響について,ポット栽培によって検討した。水稲品種コシヒカリを供試し,播種深度1cm区と3cm区を設けて比較した。3cm区では1cm区より出芽速度が約3日遅く,出芽率は約18%低下した。分げつ数は2次分げつにおいて顕著に減少し,植物体は過剰生育が抑制される様相を呈した。その後,3cm区では有効茎歩合は高められ,稈が太くなった。節間の挫折荷重,押し倒し抵抗値が大きくなり,倒伏に対する抵抗性が強まる傾向がみられた。さらに本研究においては,3cm区の登熟歩合・1,000粒重はともに1cm区よりも高く,登熟品質向上がうかがわれた。以上の成果から,深播き栽培の有効性についての考察を行った。This study aims to analyse the effect of different depth of seed sowing on plant growth under the condition of direct sowing in dry paddy field. Using the cultivar, Koshihikari, plots of 1cm depth and of 3cm depth were compared. In the 3cm plot, seed emergence was delayed and the percentage of emergence fall was about 18% compared to the 1cm plot. The tiller number of the 3cm plot decreased especially in the secondary tiller, and the plant showed a tendency to suppress overluxuriant growth. Then in the 3cm plot, the percentage of productive culms increased, and the culms grew thicker, the lower internode became stronger, the resistance to lodging increased. Moreover, the ripening quality such as the percentage of ripened grains, or 1000 grain weight were greater in the 3cm plot than in the 1cm plot

Spatial distribution and risk factors of Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections among schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya

Background: Large-scale schistosomiasis control programs are implemented in regions with diverse social and economic environments. A key epidemiological feature of schistosomiasis is its small-scale heterogeneity. Locally profiling disease dynamics including risk factors associated with its transmission is essential for designing appropriate control programs. To determine spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and its drivers, we examined schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya. Methodology/Principal findings: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 368 schoolchildren from six primary schools. Soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni eggs in stool were evaluated by the Kato-Katz method. We measured the intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection by urine filtration. The geometrical mean intensity of S. haematobium was 3.1 eggs/10 ml urine (school range, 1.4?9.2). The hookworm geometric mean intensity was 3.2 eggs/g feces (school range, 0?17.4). Heterogeneity in the intensity of S. haematobium and hookworm infections was evident in the study area. To identify factors associated with the intensity of helminth infections, we utilized negative binomial generalized linear mixed models. The intensity of S. haematobium infection was associated with religion and socioeconomic status (SES), while that of hookworm infection was related to SES, sex, distance to river and history of anthelmintic treatment. Conclusions/Significance: Both S. haematobium and hookworm infections showed micro-geographical heterogeneities in this Kwale community. To confirm and explain our observation of high S. haematobium risk among Muslims, further extensive investigations are necessary. The observed small scale clustering of the S. haematobium and hookworm infections might imply less uniform strategies even at finer scale for efficient utilization of limited resources

Roles of the Intramolecular Disulfide Bridge in MotX and MotY, the Specific Proteins for Sodium-Driven Motors in Vibrio spp.

The proteins PomA, PomB, MotX, and MotY are essential for the motor function of Na(+)-driven flagella in Vibrio spp. Both MotY and MotX have the two cysteine residues (one of which is in a conserved tetrapeptide [CQLV]) that are inferred to form an intramolecular disulfide bond. The cysteine mutants of MotY prevented the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond, which is presumably important for protein stability. Disruption of the disulfide bridge in MotX by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in increased instability, which did not, however, affect the motility of the cells. These lines of evidence suggest that the intramolecular disulfide bonds are involved in the stability of both proteins, but only MotY requires the intramolecular bridge for proper function

Role of the C-Terminal Cytoplasmic Domain of FlhA in Bacterial Flagellar Type III Protein Export▿

For construction of the bacterial flagellum, many of the flagellar proteins are exported into the central channel of the flagellar structure by the flagellar type III protein export apparatus. FlhA and FlhB, which are integral membrane proteins of the export apparatus, form a docking platform for the soluble components of the export apparatus, FliH, FliI, and FliJ. The C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of FlhA (FlhAC) is required for protein export, but it is not clear how it works. Here, we analyzed a temperature-sensitive Salmonella enterica mutant, the flhA(G368C) mutant, which has a mutation in the sequence encoding FlhAC. The G368C mutation did not eliminate the interactions with FliH, FliI, FliJ, and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of FlhB, suggesting that the mutation blocks the export process after the FliH-FliI-FliJ-export substrate complex binds to the FlhA-FlhB platform. Limited proteolysis showed that FlhAC consists of at least three subdomains, a flexible linker, FlhACN, and FlhACC, and that FlhACN becomes sensitive to proteolysis by the G368C mutation. Intragenic suppressor mutations were identified in these subdomains and restored flagellar protein export to a considerable degree. However, none of these suppressor mutations suppressed the protease sensitivity. We suggest that FlhAC not only forms part of the docking platform for the FliH-FliI-FliJ-export substrate complex but also is directly involved in the translocation of the export substrate into the central channel of the growing flagellar structure