The Legislative Resolution of the Rulemaking Versus Adjudication Problem in Agency Lawmaking

Over the past several years there has been considerable debate as to whether federal agencies should develop law and policy by adjudication, a traditional lawmaking forum, or by rulemaking, a forum unique to agencies. The consensus is that, in both theory and practice, rulemaking is the superior forum. It permits broad-based participation that benefits the affected public and educates the agency, its procedures expedite policy development, and its requirement that standards be codified and published promotes clarity and uniform application of law. Thus, the rulemaking process has been acclaimed as one of the greatest inventions of modem government, and the agencies\u27 failure to utilize it has been deplored. But these laments may be, in the words of Judge Friendly, no more than crocodile tears. \u2

Collegiate Codebreakers: Winthrop, Women, and War

During World War II, college-aged women from across the nation filled United States Army and Navy secretive cryptanalysis facilities to help win the war. For many women, colleges facilitated involvement in codebreaking. Through information gathered in oral histories, this thesis primarily explores war related programs at American colleges and the young women that became cryptanalysts. Academic institutions, like Winthrop College, became the nuclei for colligate codebreakers. They acted as early crypt education centers, through the offering of cryptology classes, functioned as recruitment centers, and operated as essential training hubs. While in school, young women were saturated by a climate of war and secrecy as campuses became militarized during this period. Their careers in academia and moral character came into account when cryptanalysis sectors began searching for loyal workers. While working as codebreakers for the United States government, women experienced a degree of freedom and witnessed a change in their position. In the name of the war effort and patriotic ideologies, female cryptanalysts broke codes and tested the strength of American ciphers. From college campuses to Army and Navy facilities, young women played essential roles in the war effort

Determinants of Fine-Scale Heterogeneity in Mosquito-Borne Virus Systems

ABSTRACT Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are the etiological agents of much morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Many of these viruses are spread and maintained by mosquitoes, particularly the urban mosquito Aedes aegypti. Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for one of the largest vector-borne disease outbreaks in the past decade, affecting millions in Central and South America including a wave of microcephaly among newborns. Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a mosquito-borne virus endemic to South America and is predicted to become an emergent public health threat. Describing the vector-virus transmission systems are critical for understanding the potential spread of these viruses. Traditionally, laboratory vector competence measures are used to evaluate the ability of a species of mosquito to take up and subsequently transmit an arbovirus by exposing mosquitoes to virus and terminally sampling for the presence of virus in the saliva or peripheral tissues at predetermined time points. However, traditional measures do not assess critical vector-virus interactions that will ultimately impact transmission potential, as these measures focus solely on rates of infectious mosquitoes. My overarching hypothesis is that there are undescribed sources of fine-scale heterogeneity within the vector-virus transmission system that will alter transmission potential. To test this hypothesis, I 1) investigated the impact of the age structure of the mosquito population on the transmission potential of ZIKV by Aedes aegypti, 2) developed a novel method for the quantification of observed heterogeneity among individual mosquitoes, and 3) characterized genotypic diversity among strains of MAYV and the potential impacts on vector competence measurements

S02RS SGR No. 17 (Bowling and Billiards)

A RESOLUTION to express student opposition to any proposed closing of the Tiger Pause bowling and billiard area located in the LSU Union, and to request an upgrade of present facilities to include automatic bowling scoring

Characterization of Lysophosphatidic Acid Subspecies Using a Novel HPLC ESI-MS/MS Method

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid with a plethora of biological functions, including roles in cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Although high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC ESI-MS/MS) technology has been used to measure the levels of LPA in human blood, serum and plasma, current methods cannot readily detect the minute levels of LPA from cell culture. In this study, a novel HPLC ESI-MS/MS method with enhanced sensitivity was developed which allows accurate measurements of LPA levels with a limit of quantitation at approximately 10 femtomoles. The method was validated by quantitation of LPA levels in the media of previously characterized cell lines ectopically expressing autotaxin. Autotaxin overexpression induced an increase in several subspecies of LPA while others remained unchanged. Lastly, this HPLC ESI-MS/MS method was validated via biological assays previously utilized to assay LPA production. Hence, this new HPLC ESI-MS/MS will allow researchers to measure in vitro LPA levels and also distinguish between specific LPA subspecies for the delineation of individual biological mechanisms