International Assistance After Conflict: Health, Transitional Justice, and Opportunity Costs

After violent conflicts, international actors face difficult choices about whether and how to provide assistance. These decisions can have immense consequences. As aid always occurs under conditions of scarcity, theoretical reflection is crucial to reveal the opportunity costs and potential tensions between alternative courses of action. Yet, there has been relatively little scholarly reflection on what should constitute priorities for post-conflict assistance and why. This paper advances this debate by comparing two very different areas of assistance that both embody compelling values and goals: public health and transitional justice. It argues that aid for public health deserves greater attention based on powerful normative considerations and its impressive empirical record. It also suggests the need to examine not only clearly underperforming areas, but also tough cases. Transitional justice, despite its strong normative foundations, faces challenges and limitations that justify reform and a reconsideration of the emphasis commonly placed on it. Our intention is not to suggest that long-standing commitments ought to be abandoned or that all aid should be allocated to health. Rather, by scrutinizing the priorities of international assistance, we hope to start a general discussion about how the international community can best help societies heal after conflict

Perimenstrual symptoms and it's management - Assessment with Menstrual Distress Questionnaire -

月経周期の変化に伴う多様で複雑な月経周辺期の症状を,出来るだけ単純で基本的に共通した変化として捉え,症状に適した対応を検討することを目的として本研究を行った｡月経を有する22～45歳の女性34名に対し,Menstrual Distress Questionnaireの即時的回答法を用いて月経周辺期を[痛み],[集中力],[行動変化],[自律神経反応],[水分貯留],[負の感情]から構成された35症状6領域で縦断的に追究し,以下の結果を得た｡ 1.月経周辺期の症状を縦断的に比較検討した結果,Moosのデータと近似した日本人のデータを示した｡ 2.月経周辺期における領域の推移では,身体的症状で構成される[痛み領域],[水分貯留領域]の2領域が精神的症状で構成される他の領域に比べ,常に上位を占めていた｡以上の事より,月経周辺期の生理的変化に伴う精神的愁訴は,身体的変化によって誘発されている可能性が示唆された｡Each of 34 women rated their experience of 46 symptoms on a six-point scale separately for the premenstrual, menstrual, and intermenstrual phases of her most recent menstrual cycle. The 46 symptoms were intercorrelated and factor analyzed separately for each phase. These symptoms were divided into six clusters of symptoms, such as pain, concentration, behavioral change, autonomic reaction, water retention, and negative affect. Pain and water retention were composed of physical symptoms, were always at higher position than three clusters of menstrual symptoms in perimenstrual change. Thus, mental symptoms in perimenstrual physiological changes were might be induced by physical changes

Guarantees of Non-Recurrence. An Approximation

Exploring the Frontiers of International La