Adverse drug reaction profile and prescription pattern of antihypertensive drug monotherapy at tertiary care hospital Nepalgunj, Nepal

Background: Hypertension is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide which requires long term therapy to prevent complication associated with it. As drugs are used for longer duration it is necessary to know potential undesirable effects for making the appropriate choice. Aim and objective of the study was to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and to know prescribing pattern of antihypertensive monotherapy.Methods: The present work was an open, non-comparative, observational study conducted on seventy-three (73) hypertensive patients who were prescribed single antihypertensive drug at medical OPD of Nepalgunj Medical college by conducting patient interviews, recording the data on ADR monitoring form.Results: Calcium channel blockers were found to be the most frequently associated drugs with adverse drug reactions (n=12), followed by diuretics (n= 6), Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (n=3), β-blockers (n= 2) and Angiotensin receptor blocker (n=1). Among individual drugs, amlodipine was found to be the commonest drug associated with adverse drug reactions (n = 10). On analysis of prescription pattern again amlodipine was most commonly prescribed antihypertensive monotherapy followed by hydrochlorothiazide.Conclusions:Amlodipine was most commonly associated with ADRs and it was also most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs as monotherapy. The above findings would be useful for physicians in rational prescribing.

Efficacy of Rhizobacteria to Promote the Growth and Increase the Yield of Several Rice Cultivars

Rice is still play important role as staple food for most of Indonesian population; consequently  Indonesia is greatly relying on rice production to maintain food security. This plant is commonly cultivated with intensive use of synthetic agrochemicals such as synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, the improper use of agrochemicals may result in adverse effects to the environment including biotic and abiotic components. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of rhizobacteria formulation to promote the growth and increase the yield of four rice cultivars that commonly grown in Indonesia i.e. Ciherang, Cigeulis, Inpari 33, and IR64. Experiment was done in a green house with three concentrations of rhizobacteria formulation i.e. 0%, 1%, and 2% (v/v). Several parameters were observed in this study such as seedling height, leaf chlorophyll content of seedling, plant height at 50 days after transplanting (DAT), leaf chlorophyll content at 50 DAT, number of tillers per plant at 50 DAT, number of productive tillers per plant, and yield per plant. Results showed that significant interactions were observed between rice cultivar and concentration of rhizobacteria formulation in all parameters observed. Rice cultivar IR64 consistently showed superior growth and yield among four rice cultivars tested. Except for cultivar IR64, rhizobacteria concentration at 2% showed superior results compared to 1% and 0% for all parameters observed. This study proved that rhizobacteria formulation containing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Sg3 and Enterobacter cloacae Al7Kla effectively promoted the growth and increase the yield of four rice cultivars that commonly cultivated in Indonesia, suggested that this rhizobacteria formulation is promising bio-agent to be used for rice production in Indonesia. Keywords: Rhizobacteria, plant growth promotion, rice yield DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-16-03 Publication date:August 31st 202

Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) Causing Ringspot Disease on Papaya in Bali

In a survey of papaya plantation in Tabanan, Bali, some papaya cultivars were found showing papaya ringspot disease symptomps i.e. yelowing and mottle on leaves; and ring spot on fruits. The analysis of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of symptom leaf with papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) antiserum shown the disease was corresponding to the PRSV. The test results showed that PRSV infected papaya in Bali and detected in Tabanan. Previously, there has been no reports of the existence of this disease in the area of ​​Bali. The objective of the study were to observe the variations of disease symptoms caused by PRSV, mapping the disease spread in Bali, and  determine the molecular character of  PRSV Bali isolate. Surveys were conducted to observe the variations of disease symptoms and mapping the disease spread. Molecular method was used to determine the coat protein (CP) sequence. Analysis of leaf samples from diseased plants by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted using a pair of primers specific to PRSV. Study result shown the disease was detected in Bangli village, Tabanan regency with the infection index 73,33% (11/15), whereas samples from other survey sites not found infected with PRSV.  On samples that infected with PRSV were found yelowing and stunting on leaves; and ring spot on fruits. Amplicons of 905 bp were successfully amplified. Result from BLAST and sequence alignments showed that Bali isolate had considerable homology to the China (Accession No. KF 033092.1) isolate (99.45% na-level). Results of phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Parsimony approaches with 1000 bootstrap replications indicates that Bali isolate is in a clade with the China  isolates (Accession No. KF 033092.1, KF 033089.1, KF 033078.1). Keywords: papaya , symptom, infection index, disease spread, molecular character

The Use of Rhizobacteria to Promote Buds Formation of Bulbil of Elephant Foot Yam

Elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is one of tuber crops becoming popular among farmers in Indonesia as the tubers of this plant rich in carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, vitamins and fiber. However, the propagation of this plant can not be done easily as the seedlings materials such as tubers, bulbils and seeds have dormancy periode after harvested. This study was done to evaluate the capability of rhizobacteria from rhizospheres of graminous plants to promote the buds formation of bulbil of elephant foot yams. A total of 76 isolates of rhizobacteria were tested for their capability to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), and for those capable of producing IAA were tested for their ability to promote buds formation of elephant foot yams bulbils. Results of this strudy showed that, nine isolates of rhizobacteria were proven to produce IAA, namely Sr3, Sr16, Sr17, Sr18, Sr19, Sr21, Jg8, Rg1 and Pb2. Treatments with rhizobacteria significantly (p<0.05) increased the percentage of bulbils produced buds. Treatment with three isolates namely Sr21, Jg8 and Rg1 resulted in percentage of buds formation more than 60%, in which treatment with isolate Rg1 showed the highest percentage of buds formation. This results suggested that isolate Rg1 potentially can be used as a bio-agent to promote buds formation in bulbils of elephant foot yams to produce uniform and vigorous seedlings of this plant. Keywords: elephant foot yams, rhizobacteria, buds formation, promotion, seedlings DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/13-12-03 Publication date:July 31st 202

Antifungal Activity of Piper caninum against Pyricularia oryzae Cav. the Cause of Rice Blast Disease on Rice

Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav.is one of important and destructive disease on rice in most areas where susceptible rice cultivars are grown. This study was done in order to find alternative measure to control the disease by using leaf extract of Piper caninum Blume. Antifungal activity of P. caninum against P. oryzae was done under laboratory condition on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Results of this study showed that the crude extract of P. caninum exhibited a very strong inhibitory activity against P. oryzae with diameter of inhibition zone by 44 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract was 0.5% (w/v). Treatment with leaf extract of P. caninum significantly (P<0.05) inhibited fungal radial growth, spores formation, and biomass formation. The growth inhibition resulted from this extract is due to the lysis of fungal cells indicated by the zize of  mycelia, in which the size of mycelia treated with extract is obviously smaller than that of control. It is necessary to purify and identify the substances in the leaf extract of P. caninum that responsible the most for the antifungal activity against P. oryzae. In addition, a field trial is necessary to be done to evaluate the effectiveness of the leaf extract of P. caninum to control rice blast disease under field condition. Keywords :  Piper caninum, rice blast disease, antifungal activity, cell lysi

Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Potential Antagonist Against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersicum the Cause of Fusarium Wilt Disease on Tomato

The research is financed by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture the Republic of Indonesia in fiscal year 2012. Abstract Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici is one of important diseases that potentially cause significant yield losses on tomato. There is no measure available to control the disease effectively.  This study was done to isolate the antagonistic Pseudomonas sp.  from rhizospeheres of plants of Leguminosae and Solanaceae and to determine their antagonistic activity against F.oxysporum f.sp.lycopersicum. Biochemical test and molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene were done  to determine the species of Pseudomonas sp. There are three isolates of Pseudomonas sp. were obtained in this study namely  isolates KtS1, TrN2, and TmA1. Results of 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that all three isolates had  more than 99% similarity to P. alcaligenes. These isolates showed strong antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici with inhibitory activity more than 80%.  Application of bacterial suspension of P. alcaligeneseffectively suppressed the disease incidence of Fusarium wilt on tomato. Keywords : antagonistic activity,  Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Fusarium wilt disease

Genetic Variation of Coconut Tall (Cocos nucifera L., Arecaceae) in Bali, Indonesia Based on Microsatellite DNA.

The coconut has  important roles for economics, traditional medicine and culture,  especially for Hindu’s ceremonial purpose in Bali Island (Indonesia). Each coconut cultivar  has unique characteristics.   The aimed of this research was to determine genetic variation of coconut tall (Cocos nucifera L., Arecaceae) in Bali, based on DNA microsatellite.  Six pairs microsatellite markers were used to determine heterozygosity. The results showed that total of 80 alleles  were detected by microsatellite with an average of 13.33 alleles per locus, there were 12 alleles on microsatellite locus CnCirA3, 12 alleles on locus CnCirC3, 16 alleles on locus CNZ05, 14 alleles on  CNZ09 , 17 alleles on CNZ21,  and 9 alleles  on microsatellite primer  pairs CNZ51. The mean values of gene diversity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.8835 and 0.5421, respectively.  The highest heterozigosity  was on bulan tall coconuts cultivar (0.816), the lowest heterozygosity was on bluluk tall coconuts (0.35).   Keywords: unique characteristic, microsatellite, allele, heterozygosity, coconu

Leaf Extract of Cinnamomum burmanni Blume Effectively suppress the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici the cause of Fusarium wilt disease On tomato

Productivity of tomato in Indonesia is still relatively lower than the productivity of tomato in other countries. One of the factors for the low productivity is occurrences of Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. To find an alternative method to control the disease, in this study the antifungal activity of Cinnamomum burmanni was tested against the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici under in vitro condition on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and potato dextrose broth (PDB) media. Extraction was done using pro analysis (PA) grade of acetone. Results of this study showed that the leaf extract of C. burmanni effectively suppressed the radial growth, biomass formation and spores formation of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by 1% (w/v). The inhibitory activities of this extract at concentration of 1% (w/v) against fungal radial growth, biomass formation and spores formation were respectively 41.66%, 43.68%, and 48.43% when compared to control. This leaf extract containing steroid, flavonoid, phenolate and tannin   which  probably responsible for the antifungal activity against F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Further study is still necessary to be done in order to identify the main substance that responsible for the antifungal activity as well as the effectiveness of the leaf extract to control Fusarium wilt disease on tomato plant. Keywords: leaf extract, Cinnamomum burmanni, inhibitory activity, Fusarium wilt diseas

Synergistic Activity of Leaves Extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and Allamanda cathartica L. to Inhibit Athelia rolfsii, the Cause of Stem Rot Disease in Peanut Plants

Stem rot disease in peanut plants caused by Athelia rolfsii is an important disease because it can reduce peanut yield up to 13-59%. The study aimed to evaluate the synergistic activity of the leaves extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and  Allamanda cathartica as an alternative control of stem rot disease in peanut plants. Testing of Antifungal activity was carried out  in the laboratory included: diameter of inhibition zone test with diffusion well method; colony growth test, sclerotia germination test, fungal biomass test, and ultrastructure observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the crude extracts of the leaves of M. alliacea and  A. cathartica were able synergistically to inhibit the growth of the fungus A. rolfsii with diameter of inhibition by 42 mm, while the diameter of inhibition zones for leaf extract of M. alliacea L. was only 30 mm and as for  A. cathartica L. was only 9 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mixture of leaves extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and A. cathartica L. was 0.8% (w/v). Treatment with the extract’s mixture  significantly (P≤0,05) inhibited colony growth, germination rate of sclerotia, and fungal biomass of A. rolfsii. The result of mycelial observation of A. rolfsii by using SEM  showed that surface of fungal mycelia treated with extract looked smaller in size and shrunk, and leakage of cell wall became visible; while at the control, the surface of mycelia remained intact and thrived perfectly. Keywords: synergistic activity, leaves extract, stem rot diseas