The “Wine-T1” NMR experiment for novel wine-metabolome fingerprinting with nuclear-spin relaxation

In agreement with the draft resolution OENO-SCMA 17-618 at step 5 “Quantitation of glucose, malic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, shikimic acid and sorbic acid in wine using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR)” said technique has been recently accepted within the OIV chair as a primary quantitative analytical technique for beverage analysis such as wine. However, poor chemical shift dispersion in 1H NMR spectra severely penalizes quantification within overlapped or crowded regions. To outflank said penalization and quantify metabolites in signal overcrowding situations, the novel “Wine-T1” experiment is proposed. The novel scheme comprises the addition of a second dimension, wherein the proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1-{1H}) of each metabolite's spin-system is correlated to a chemical-shift dimension. The new experiment includes a water and ethanol signal pre-saturation module, prior to the T1 saturation-inversion recovery dimension in order to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of wine metabolome NMR spectra. “Wine-T1” pulse sequence can be adapted to all commercial spectrometers (Bruker, Varian/Agilent, Jeol) and with acquisition times in the order of minutes, it should be considered as a fast repetition method to produce a robust metabolome fingerprint that has not been described before, to the best of our knowledge

Revealing full chemical forms of lead in wine with combined XRF-NMR technologies

Since 1953, The World Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) Member States have reduced the lead maximum limits (ML) in wines, down to 0.05 mg/L (2018). Evidently, this ML value is too restrictive for wine industry as it excludes from international market a significant portion of wine production. Currently, the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods and OIV had recognized the value of gathering robust and novel data to better assess the best lowest ML for wine industry. Currently, there is not a direct statement within international reference documents, of which chemical form of lead must be controlled and/ or reduced. This work presents for the first time a method combining Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies in order to determine presence and concentrations of major and trace elements of lead and other element moieties in wine that can allow to better redefine lead's ML. By identification of K, L, M, radiation shells with additional αβi labelling of lead's major and minor components with semi-quantitative XRF, combined with chemical-shift analysis of inorganic Pb4+, Pb2+ and/or organo-lead within wine samples, we propose a full discrimination framework to disentangle and quantify different chemical forms of lead

The “Wine-T

In agreement with the draft resolution OENO-SCMA 17-618 at step 5 “Quantitation of glucose, malic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, shikimic acid and sorbic acid in wine using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR)” said technique has been recently accepted within the OIV chair as a primary quantitative analytical technique for beverage analysis such as wine. However, poor chemical shift dispersion in 1H NMR spectra severely penalizes quantification within overlapped or crowded regions. To outflank said penalization and quantify metabolites in signal overcrowding situations, the novel “Wine-T1” experiment is proposed. The novel scheme comprises the addition of a second dimension, wherein the proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1-{1H}) of each metabolite's spin-system is correlated to a chemical-shift dimension. The new experiment includes a water and ethanol signal pre-saturation module, prior to the T1 saturation-inversion recovery dimension in order to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of wine metabolome NMR spectra. “Wine-T1” pulse sequence can be adapted to all commercial spectrometers (Bruker, Varian/Agilent, Jeol) and with acquisition times in the order of minutes, it should be considered as a fast repetition method to produce a robust metabolome fingerprint that has not been described before, to the best of our knowledge

Revealing full chemical forms of lead in wine with combined XRF-NMR technologies

Since 1953, The World Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) Member States have reduced the lead maximum limits (ML) in wines, down to 0.05 mg/L (2018). Evidently, this ML value is too restrictive for wine industry as it excludes from international market a significant portion of wine production. Currently, the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods and OIV had recognized the value of gathering robust and novel data to better assess the best lowest ML for wine industry. Currently, there is not a direct statement within international reference documents, of which chemical form of lead must be controlled and/ or reduced. This work presents for the first time a method combining Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies in order to determine presence and concentrations of major and trace elements of lead and other element moieties in wine that can allow to better redefine lead's ML. By identification of K, L, M, radiation shells with additional αβi labelling of lead's major and minor components with semi-quantitative XRF, combined with chemical-shift analysis of inorganic Pb4+, Pb2+ and/or organo-lead within wine samples, we propose a full discrimination framework to disentangle and quantify different chemical forms of lead

Eficiência biológica e econômica de pasto de capim-tanzânia adubado com nitrogênio no final do verão Biological and economic efficiency of Panicum maximum fertilized with nitrogen in the end of summer

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o ganho de peso vivo, a capacidade de suporte e a eficiência bioeconômica em pastos de Panicum maximum, cultivar Tanzânia, com aplicação de uma segunda dose de adubação nitrogenada no final do verão. Anualmente foram aplicados em cobertura: 50, 17,48, e 33,2 kg ha-1 de N, P e K, respectivamente, em novembro. A metade da área recebeu 50 kg ha-1 de N adicional em março. Os tratamentos foram pastos de capim-tanzânia com 50 e 100 kg ha-1 de N. Os piquetes foram submetidos ao pastejo rotacionado. Foram utilizados quatro animais por piquete, e animais adicionais foram colocados e removidos para manter resíduos semelhantes pós-pastejo. Não houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre o ganho médio diário. No entanto, o pasto adubado com 100 kg ha-1 de N (1,8 UA ha-1) resultou em maior capacidade de suporte e maior produtividade (780 kg ha-1 por ano de PV) do que o adubado com 50 kg ha-1 de N (1,5 UA ha-1) e com 690 kg ha-1 por ano de PV, em média. A eficiência da conversão do N em produto animal foi de 1,8 kg de PV por hectare para cada quilograma adicional de N aplicado. O uso da adubação nitrogenada no final do verão é uma alternativa bioeconomicamente viável para a produção sustentável de carne.<br>The objective of the work was to estimate animal live weight gain, the pasture carrying capacity, and the bioeconomic efficiency of Panicum maximum, cultivar Tanzânia pastures, with a second application of nitrogen fertilizer in the end of summer (March). Maintenance fertilizer was 50, 17.5 and 33.2 kg ha-1 of N, P and K, respectively, applied annually in November. Besides, in half of the area, an additional 50 kg ha-1 of N was applied in March. Treatments were tanzânia pastures with two levels of nitrogen fertilization, 50 and 100 kg ha-1. The paddocks were submitted to a rotational grazing. Four steers were kept in each paddock, and additional steers were allocated and removed to assure similar postgrazing residues. There was no effect of N fertlization on average daily gain. However, the pasture fertilized with 100 kg ha-1 de N (1,8 UA ha-1) resulted in greater carrying capacity and productivity (780 kg ha-1 of liveweight per year) than that observed in the one fertilized with 50 kg ha-1 de N (1,5 UA ha-1) and productivity of 690 kg ha-1 per year of liveweight, on average. The efficiency of N conversion into animal product was 1.8 kg LW ha-1 for each additional kilogram of N applied. Additional N fertilization in March, is a bioeconomically viable alternative for producing sustainable beef

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora