A reach, catchment and multiple catchment scale assessment of the patterns and controls of historic upland river planform adjustments

The supply, transfer and deposition of sediment from channel headwaters to lowland valleys and lakes, along the upland sediment cascade, is a fundamental process in upland catchment geomorphology. The continuity of the sediment cascade coupled with local geomorphic controls can be partly understood by quantifying river planform adjustments both in space and over time. However, few studies have adopted rigorous quantitative assessments of sediment continuity and planform adjustment beyond the reach scale over historical time periods or considered key controls governing the stability of upland river channels (e.g. climate, anthropogenic activity). This research presents an assessment of the patterns and geomorphic variables of upland river planform adjustment and stability over the past 150 years. A nested sampling strategy is adopted exploring sediment continuity and planform adjustment at the reach, catchment and multiple catchment (regional) scales in the Lake District upland region, north-west England. In total, 270 rivers and streams (total length: 597 km) were studied across 17 catchments in the upland region (total area: 1250 km2) for six dates from 1860s – 2010. Reach scale investigations focused on exploring the impact of the extreme Storm Desmond (December 2015) flood event on St John’s Beck in the Bassenthwaite catchment. A total of 29,832 stable and adjusting reaches were mapped in the Lake District upland region. Over the full period of analysis (1860s – 2010), 21 % (128 km) of rivers and streams studied were classified as adjusting. Regionally, the highest percentage of river and stream lengths mapped as adjusting between 1860s – 2010 were observed in the Ennerdale (37 %), Wasdale (32 %) and Calder (29 %) catchments (Western Lake District). These catchments showed persistent adjustment and active zones of sedimentation in high order channels over the last 150 years. This is attributed to a high supply of sediment to the fluvial system, greater accommodation space for lateral planform adjustment, and 57 % of the river and stream lengths were anthropogenically modified via reinforced banks and flood embankments restricting planform adjustment. At the reach scale, the influence of a low frequency, high magnitude flood event (Storm Desmond) on river planform adjustment was quantified. However, with increasing spatial and temporal scale the correlation between high magnitude flood events and planform adjustments are harder to define. Anthropogenic activity (e.g. channel engineering, or mining) had a significant influence on river planform adjustment and stability at the reach scale. Regional patterns of geology and the legacy of glacial processes help condition sediment supply, channel slope, and valley bottom width (confinement) thereby setting the general environmental template in which channels adjust in the Lake District. Valley bottom width was found to be an important variable determining the accommodation space for lateral planform adjustment and sedimentation. Planform adjustments occurred in reaches with a mean valley bottom width of 120 ± 190 m. This research has demonstrated the importance of considering planform stability in a sediment continuity framework across all scales of the stream and river network. The methodology developed provides a quantitative assessment of planform adjustment patterns and geomorphic controls, which aids understanding of historic river behaviour and provides context for current and future river management and restoration strategies

Patient Education Barriers

Introduction: Our survey answers corresponded closely to the research data found. The typical barriers included time, subject knowledge, patient education needs assessment, setting for teaching and nursing teaching skills.https://digitalcommons.centracare.com/nursing_posters/1047/thumbnail.jp

MORAL MATURATION AND MORAL CONATION: A CAPACITY APPROACH TO EXPLAINING MORAL THOUGHT AND ACTION

We set out to address a gap in the management literature by proposing a framework specifying the component capacities organizational actors require to think and act morally. We examine how moral maturation (i.e., moral identity, complexity, and metacognitive ability) and moral conation (i.e., moral courage, efficacy, and owner- ship) enhance an individual\u27s moral cognition and propensity to take ethical action. We offer propositions to guide future research and discuss the implications of the proposed model for management theory an

Feasibility study for the use of a fuel cell to process landfill gas at Coffin Butte Landfill : hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection and removal

Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative (PNGC) operates the Landfill Gas to Energy Facility at Coffin Butte Landfill in Corvallis, OR. At this facility, three internal combustion engines use the landfill gas (predominantly methane and carbon dioxide) as fuel to turn generators that produce enough electricity to power 1,800 average sized homes. A possibility of a cleaner more efficient method for producing electric power from the landfill gas is fuel cell technology. One technological drawback is that all conventional fuel cells are poisoned to some extent by trace sulfur containing components in the landfill (e.g., PEM and solid oxide <1ppmv sulfur and phosphoric acid <50ppmv sulfur). Since hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the most prevalent sulfur compound in landfill gas, the focus of this thesis research was H2S detection in, and removal from, the landfill gas. A gas chromatography method was developed to detect H2S down to 1ppmv. Using this highly sensitive detection system, three additional sulfur containing compounds (thought to be mercaptans), were observed in the landfill gas. Two different methods for removing H2S from landfill gas were investigated: silica gel and an H2S scavenger (SulfaTreat®, iron oxide encapsulated in a porous gel structure). A stream of landfill gas was diverted to a two bed testing system that was used to test silica gel and SulfaTreat®. SulfaTreat® was also tested in the laboratory with a controlled 1% H2S in argon feed. Silica gel can be regenerated but the amount required and the size of the cylindrical bed needed to contain the materials (estimated size of 250,000 gallons) makes it an impractical method for sulfur removal from landfill gas. Since, SulfaTreat® is an iron oxide compound in a gel matrix; it can not be easily regenerated, which renders it to be a single use method. However, the expected sulfur removal rate with the SulfaTreat® material makes it a reasonable method to treat the landfill gas. PNGC is currently planning an expansion at Coffin Butte Landfill that will add two additional, higher efficiency, engines for power generation. Further studies should be performed with SulfaTreat® to determine optimal running conditions and removal rates. If this proves to be a satisfactory technology with reasonable economics, the next step would be to install a pilot scale fuel cell system at the landfill for testing. If successful, the fuel cell could be implemented to handle the excess landfill gas that is currently sent to a flare, as a means of doing long-term durability and stability testing

Impact of skull sutures, spongiform bone distribution, and aging skull conductivities on the EEG forward and inverse problems

Source imaging is a principal objective for electroencephalography (EEG), the solutions of which require forward problem (FP) computations characterising the electric potential distribution on the scalp due to known sources. Additionally, the EEG-FP is dependent upon realistic, anatomically correct volume conductors and accurate tissue conductivities, where the skull is particularly important. Skull conductivity, however, deviates according to bone composition and the presence of adult sutures. The presented study therefore analyses the effect the presence of adult sutures and differing bone composition have on the EEG-FP and inverse problem (IP) solutions. Utilising a well-established head atlas, detailed head models were generated including compact and spongiform bone and adult sutures. The true skull conductivity was considered as inhomogeneous according to spongiform bone proportion and sutures. The EEG-FP and EEG-IP were solved and compared to results employing homogeneous skull models, with varying conductivities and omitting sutures, as well as using a hypothesised aging skull conductivity model. Significant localised FP errors, with relative error up to 85%, were revealed, particularly evident along suture lines and directly related to the proportion of spongiform bone. This remained evident at various ages. Similar EEG-IP inaccuracies were found, with the largest (maximum 4.14 cm) across suture lines. It is concluded that modelling the skull as an inhomogeneous layer that varies according to spongiform bone proportion and includes differing suture conductivity is imperative for accurate EEG-FP and source localisation calculations. Their omission can result in significant errors, relevant for EEG research and clinical diagnosis

Dataset for "Having permission not to remember: Perspectives on interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in the absence of trauma memory"

This dataset supports a study that explored the experiences of people who have had psychological intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder without memories of the trauma event (PwM). Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore the lived experience of nine women with PwM who had sought psychological assessment/therapy. Participants were recruited via social media and completed semi-structured interviews online or via telephone. The dataset consists of the anonymised transcripts of these interviews.This dataset was gathered as part of a qualitative DClinPsy research project. The interview schedule was devised in accordance with IPA (interpretative phenomenological analysis) methodology. Further details may be found in the methodology section of the associated paper

Individual Investors and Portfolio Diversification in Late Victorian Britain: How Diversified Were Victorian Financial Portfolios?

This article investigates Victorian investor financial portfolio strategies in England and Wales during the second half of the nineteenth century. We find that investors held on average about half of their gross wealth in the form of four or five liquid financial securities, but were reluctant to adopt fully contemporary financial advice to invest equal amounts in securities or to spread risk across the globe. They generally held under-diversified portfolios and proximity to their investments may have been an alternative to diversification as a means of risk reduction, especially for the less wealthy