Sustainable species management of the elasmobranch populations within European aquariums: a conservation challenge

Elasmobranches are popular animals in public aquariums. Worldwide more than 700 million people visit zoos and aquariums annually, enabling elasmobranches to become an important ambassador for their natural habitats. We conducted a census within the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria to gain a better overview of which species are present within European collections. The census showed that 102 chondrichthyan species are found in European zoos and public aquaria, accounting for 8,6% of all known species. Of the captive population 47.1% of species have reproduced in aquariums. Benthic species are found most commonly in aquariums. Of the species reproducing, 87.8% fall in the body size range of 51 to 250 cm. Categorising the reproductive results by reproductive mode, the most successful groups are oviparous and aplacental viviparous with uterine villi or trophonemata. A regional collection plan has been defined by using the results of the census and the IUCN status. Currently 42 species are managed by a species coordinator, within the ex-situ European elasmobranch population to ensure a genetically healthy population, to increase reproductive output, and to conduct husbandry research. Long-term breeding efforts will help to reduce the demand on wild populations to supply the aquarium population. Species coordinators will become the contact for in-situ conservation initiatives and international conservation bodies like IUCN. This study discusses further the future challenges in the captive management of chondrichthyan populations

Fecal microbiota transplantation against intestinal colonization by extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae : A proof of principle study ISRCTN48328635 ISRCTN

Objective: Infections with multidrug-resistant microorganisms are associated with increased hospitalization, medication costs and mortality. Based on our fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experience for Clostridium difficile infection, we treated 15 patients carrying ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-EB) with FMT. Seven patients underwent a second FMT after 4 weeks when ESBL-EB remained, amounting to a total number of 22 transplants. The objective was decolonization of ESBL-EB. Results: Three out of fifteen (20%) patients were ESBL-negative at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the first transplant, while six out of 15 (40%) were negative after the second transplant. Comparison of fecal microbiota at baseline and 4 weeks after FMT revealed restoration of microbial diversity after FMT and a microbial shift towards donor composition. Finally, we suggest several possible factors of response to therapy, such as donor-recipient microbiota match and number of FMTs. Therefore, FMT can be an effective treatment in patients carrying ESBL-EB. Response may be determined by microbiota composition and number of FMT procedures. Trial registration ISRCTN ISRCTN48328635 Registered 11 October 2017, retrospectively registered

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Additional file 6: Table S3. Abundances of taxa in responders vs nonresponders. Relative abundances of significantly different taxa (only < 0.9 or > 1.1 fold shown) between responders and nonresponders at baseline. Median relative abundance (percentage) is shown, also the ratio between the medians of responders and nonresponders and the p-value are given

Development of PSMA-1007-Related Series of 18 F-Labeled Glu-Ureido-Type PSMA Inhibitors

In recent years, a number of drugs targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have become important tools in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. In the present work, we report on the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a series of $^{18}$F-labeled PSMA ligands for diagnostic application based on the theragnostic ligand PSMA-617. By applying modifications to the linker structure, insight into the structure–activity relationship could be gained, highlighting the importance of hydrophilicity and stereoselectivity on interaction with PSMA and hence the biodistribution. Selected compounds were co-crystallized with the PSMA protein and analyzed by X-rays with mixed results. Among these, PSMA-1007 (compound 5) showed the best interaction with the PSMA protein. The respective radiotracer [$^{18}$F]PSMA-1007 was translated into the clinic and is, in the meantime, subject of advanced clinical trials

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Additional file 5: Figure S1. Heat map of change in responders vs nonresponders. Heatmap showing fold change in microbiota abundance of significantly different species between responders and non-responders before versus after FMT. FMTs are shown, therefore patients who have received 2 FMTs are shown twice. Faecalibacterium 1 and 2 are both subgroups of the Faecalibacterium genus. Faecalibacterium 1 is the genus in the strict sense, whereas the Faecalibacterium 2 group includes uncultured bacteria related to the phylotypes Eldhufec289, Eldhufec276 and Eldhufec259

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Additional file 2: Table S4. Culture results in decolonized subjects. Rectal and urine cultures at follow-up (baseline, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after FMT)

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Additional file 3: Table S1. Characteristics of responders vs nonresponders. Characteristics of responders vs nonresponders

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Additional file 4: Table S2. Characteristics of successful FMTs vs unsuccessful FMTs. Characteristics of successful FMTs vs unsuccessful FMTs

Development of PSMA 1007 Related Series of F 18 Labeled Glu Ureido Type PSMA Inhibitors

In recent years, a number of drugs targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have become important tools in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. In the present work, we report on the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a series of $^{18}$F-labeled PSMA ligands for diagnostic application based on the theragnostic ligand PSMA-617. By applying modifications to the linker structure, insight into the structure–activity relationship could be gained, highlighting the importance of hydrophilicity and stereoselectivity on interaction with PSMA and hence the biodistribution. Selected compounds were co-crystallized with the PSMA protein and analyzed by X-rays with mixed results. Among these, PSMA-1007 (compound 5) showed the best interaction with the PSMA protein. The respective radiotracer [$^{18}$F]PSMA-1007 was translated into the clinic and is, in the meantime, subject of advanced clinical trials

Fecal microbiota transplantation against intestinal colonization by extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae : A proof of principle study ISRCTN48328635 ISRCTN

Objective: Infections with multidrug-resistant microorganisms are associated with increased hospitalization, medication costs and mortality. Based on our fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experience for Clostridium difficile infection, we treated 15 patients carrying ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-EB) with FMT. Seven patients underwent a second FMT after 4 weeks when ESBL-EB remained, amounting to a total number of 22 transplants. The objective was decolonization of ESBL-EB. Results: Three out of fifteen (20%) patients were ESBL-negative at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after the first transplant, while six out of 15 (40%) were negative after the second transplant. Comparison of fecal microbiota at baseline and 4 weeks after FMT revealed restoration of microbial diversity after FMT and a microbial shift towards donor composition. Finally, we suggest several possible factors of response to therapy, such as donor-recipient microbiota match and number of FMTs. Therefore, FMT can be an effective treatment in patients carrying ESBL-EB. Response may be determined by microbiota composition and number of FMT procedures. Trial registration ISRCTN ISRCTN48328635 Registered 11 October 2017, retrospectively registered