Water 'banking' in Fergana valley aquifers--A solution to water allocation in the Syrdarya river basin?

The Syrdarya river is an example of a transboundary basin with contradictory water use requirements between its upstream and downstream parts. Since the winter of 1992-93, the operational regime of the upstream Toktogul reservoir on the Naryn river - the main tributary of the Syrdarya - has shifted from irrigation to hydropower generation mode. This significantly increased winter flow and reduced summer flow downstream of the reservoir. Consequently, excessive winter flow is diverted to the saline depression called Arnasai, while water for summer irrigation is lacking. This study suggests to store the excessive winter flows temporarily in the upstream aquifers of the Fergana valley and to use it subsequently for irrigation in summer. It is estimated that groundwater development for irrigation could be practiced on one-third of the irrigated land of the valley, and conjunctive use of groundwater and canal water on another third; the rest will remain under canal irrigation. This strategy will lower the groundwater table and create aquifer capacity for temporal storage of excessive water--"water banking". This use of the term is only one of many concepts to which "water banking" or "groundwater banking" is applied. In this paper, the term is applied for temporary storing of river flow in subsurface aquifers. Pilot modeling studies for the Sokh aquifer - one of the 18 aquifers of the Fergana valley - supported that this strategy is a feasible solution for the upstream-downstream issues in the Syrdarya river basin. Field studies of water banking are required to determine the scale of adoption of the proposed strategy for each aquifer of the Fergana valley.Hydropower irrigation nexus Groundwater irrigation Groundwater recharge River basin management Groundwater modeling Central Asia

Water banking in Fergana valley aquifers: a solution to water allocation in the Syrdarya river basin?

The Syrdarya river is an example of a transboundary basin with contradictory water use requirements between its upstream and downstream parts. Since the winter of 1992-93, the operational regime of the upstream Toktogul reservoir on the Naryn river - the main tributary of the Syrdarya - has shifted from irrigation to hydropower generation mode. This significantly increased winter flow and reduced summer flowdownstream of the reservoir. Consequently, excessive winterflowis diverted to the saline depression called Arnasai, while water for summer irrigation is lacking. This study suggests to store the excessive winter flows temporarily in the upstream aquifers of the Fergana valley and to use it subsequently for irrigation in summer. It is estimated that groundwater development for irrigation could be practiced on one-third of the irrigated land of the valley, and conjunctive use of groundwater and canal water on another third; the rest will remain under canal irrigation. This strategy will lower the groundwater table and create aquifer capacity for temporal storage of excessive water?"water banking?. This use of the term is only one of many concepts to which "water banking? or "groundwater banking? is applied. In this paper, the term is applied for temporary storing of river flow in subsurface aquifers. Pilot modeling studies for the Sokh aquifer - one of the 18 aquifers of the Fergana valley - supported that this strategy is a feasible solution for the upstream-downstream issues in the Syrdarya river basin. Field studies of water banking are required to determine the scale of adoption of the proposed strategy for each aquifer of the Fergana valley

The importance of the only information-educational environment in efficiency education

Улучшение качества образования может быть достигнуто путем создания единой информационной и образовательной среды за счет автоматизации управления школой и информатизации учебного процесса

Modelling policy alternatives toward managed aquifer recharge in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia

Storing flow of the Syrdarya River in the aquifers of the upstream Fergana Valley in winter and recovery of this water in summer is examined as a solution for competing demands between upstream hydropower and downstream irrigation. Modelling of the Isfara and Sokh aquifers suggests the potential of reducing the Syrdarya River flow to the Fergana Valley downstream by 540 Mm3 in winter and increasing it by 540 Mm3 in summer. Implementing the proposed strategy in only these two aquifers would cover over 25% of the summer water deficit in the Syrdarya River downstream

Groundwater development in Fergana Valley: the adaptation strategy for changed water management in Syrdarya basin

In Bloschl, G.; van de Giesen, N.; Muralidharan, D.; Ren, L.; Seyler, F.; Sharma, U.; Vrba, J. (Eds.). Improving integrated surface and groundwater resources management in a vulnerable and changing world: proceedings of Symposium JS.3 at the Joint Convention of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) and the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Hyderabad, India, 6-12 September 2009. Wallingford, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).IAHS Publication 330During the last decade, the competition for water between the hydropower-oriented upstream and irrigated agriculture-centred downstream in the Syrdarya River basin, Central Asia, has significantly increased. Since 1993, 2-3 km3 of winter flows from hydropower generation in the upstream have flowed annually into the saline depression of Arnasai located in the midstream. This results in much less water being available for irrigation during summer. Groundwater development modelling conducted for one of the Fergana Valley's aquifers suggests that temporary storage of winter flows in the aquifer - "water banking" - could be an effective adaptive strategy to optimize water management in the basin. The study concludes that a shift from canal to groundwater irrigation, combined with winter-flow banking can effectively reduce the upstream-downstream pressures and ensure improved water supply for downstream water uses during summer time

GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF (ZnSe)0.1(SnSe)0.9 FILMS FOR USE IN THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS

(ZnSe)x(SnSe)1-x films were fabricated from ZnSe and SnSe precursors using chemical-molecular beam deposition (CMBD) method at a substrate temperature of 500°C. The structural and morphological properties of (ZnSe)0.1(SnSe)0.9 films have been studied. The data from the scanning electron microscope showed that the grain sizes of the films were 5-6 μm and the films had a close-packed polycrystalline structure. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples revealed that the films have an orthorhombic structure. Structural parameters of the obtained films are given

Characterization of CdTe and CdS Films for Photoresistors

Dependences of the evaporation temperature and the growth rate on minimal condensation temperature of polycrystalline CdS films in chemical molecular-beam deposition are discussed. The effect of the evaporation rate and the substrate temperature on the morphology of films has been studied