Money and uncertainty in the Philippines: A Friedmanite Perspective

This paper aims to provide a unified theoretical framework of the two hypotheses proposed by Friedman: (i). increased variability of money supply results in the decline of income velocity of money and (ii) high inflation leads high variability of inflation which reduces potential output growth. This paper also provides empirical investigation to validate Friedman's hypotheses using Philippine data. The Philippine economy experienced persistently higher and more variable inflation rate and weaker macroeconomic performance relative to other Asian countries, and these characteristics provide ample opportunity to evaluate Friedman's proposals at work. Utilizing original methodologies (e.g. band‐pass filter), our findings validate both proposals.Friedman, GARCH, T‐GARCH, Bai‐and‐Perron technique, band pass filter

Plasticity of the β-Trefoil Protein Fold in the Recognition and Control of Invertebrate Predators and Parasites by a Fungal Defence System

Discrimination between self and non-self is a prerequisite for any defence mechanism; in innate defence, this discrimination is often mediated by lectins recognizing non-self carbohydrate structures and so relies on an arsenal of host lectins with different specificities towards target organism carbohydrate structures. Recently, cytoplasmic lectins isolated from fungal fruiting bodies have been shown to play a role in the defence of multicellular fungi against predators and parasites. Here, we present a novel fruiting body lectin, CCL2, from the ink cap mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. We demonstrate the toxicity of the lectin towards Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster and present its NMR solution structure in complex with the trisaccharide, GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAc, to which it binds with high specificity and affinity in vitro. The structure reveals that the monomeric CCL2 adopts a β-trefoil fold and recognizes the trisaccharide by a single, topologically novel carbohydrate-binding site. Site-directed mutagenesis of CCL2 and identification of C. elegans mutants resistant to this lectin show that its nematotoxicity is mediated by binding to α1,3-fucosylated N-glycan core structures of nematode glycoproteins; feeding with fluorescently labeled CCL2 demonstrates that these target glycoproteins localize to the C. elegans intestine. Since the identified glycoepitope is characteristic for invertebrates but absent from fungi, our data show that the defence function of fruiting body lectins is based on the specific recognition of non-self carbohydrate structures. The trisaccharide specifically recognized by CCL2 is a key carbohydrate determinant of pollen and insect venom allergens implying this particular glycoepitope is targeted by both fungal defence and mammalian immune systems. In summary, our results demonstrate how the plasticity of a common protein fold can contribute to the recognition and control of antagonists by an innate defence mechanism, whereby the monovalency of the lectin for its ligand implies a novel mechanism of lectin-mediated toxicity

La chimie click in situ pour la formation de nouveaux inhibiteurs d’InhA de Mycobacterium tuberculosis

International audienc

Money and uncertainty in the Philippines: A Friedmanite Perspective

This paper aims to provide a unified theoretical framework of the two hypotheses proposed by Friedman: (i). increased variability of money supply results in the decline of income velocity of money and (ii) high inflation leads high variability of inflation which reduces potential output growth. This paper also provides empirical investigation to validate Friedman's hypotheses using Philippine data. The Philippine economy experienced persistently higher and more variable inflation rate and weaker macroeconomic performance relative to other Asian countries, and these characteristics provide ample opportunity to evaluate Friedman's proposals at work. Utilizing original methodologies (e.g. band‐pass filter), our findings validate both proposals

Money growth and velocity with structural breaks: Evidence from the Philippines

This paper aims to test the Friedmanite proposal on the link between the velocity of money demand and money growth. We base our work on the Philippines as its monetary policy has been subject to sharp swings since the 1980s. We use a method that takes into account possible structural breaks in the velocity of money demand and a GARCH model to evaluate the variability of money growth. We apply Granger causality tests to confirm the Friedmanite hypothesi

Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun.

Soluble forms of recombinant LukE protein (expressed in Escherichia coli) and of wild-type LukD protein (expressed in Staphylococcus aureus), which together form the staphylococcal LukE-LukD leukotoxin, were purified to homogeneity and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals of LukE belonged to space group I4, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 134.50, c = 64.43 Å, and diffracted X-rays to 1.6 Å resolution. The crystals of LukD belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 48.04, b = 50.99, c = 137.40 Å, and diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution. Molecular replacement using the LukF-PV structure (PDB entry 1pvl) as a template model allowed the identification of an initial structure solution for the LukD data. In the case of LukE, a solution comprising only a single copy of the search model (LukS-PV; PDB entry 1t5r) was found, although the unit-cell parameters indicated that up to three molecules could be accommodated in the asymmetric unit