Saving, Investment, and Gold: A Reassessment of Historical Current Account Data

This paper revises pre-World War II current account data for thirteen countries by treating gold flows on a consistent basis. The standard historical data sources often fail to distinguish between monetary gold exports, which are capital-account credits, and nonmonetary gold exports, which are current-account credits. The paper also adjusts historical investment data to account for changes in inventories. The revised data are used to construct estimates of saving and investment over the period from 1850 to 1945. Our methodology for removing monetary gold flows from the current account leads naturally to a gold-standard version of the Feldstein-Horioka hypothesis on capital mobility. The regression results are in broad agreement with those of Eichengreen, who found a significantly positive cross-sectional correlation between saving and investment even during some periods when the gold standard prevailed. Despite reaching broadly similar conclusions, we estimate correlations between saving and investment that are somewhat lower and less significant than those Eichengreen found. In particular, we find that in comparison to other interwar subsamples, the saving-investment correlation is markedly low during the fleeting years of a revived world gold standard, 1925-1930.

Pairing and Excitation Spectrum in doped t-J Ladders

Exact diagonalization studies for a doped t-J ladder (or double chain) show hole pairing in the ground state. The excitation spectrum separates into a limited number of quasiparticles which carry charge $+|e|$ and spin ${1 \over 2}$ and a triplet mode. At half-filling the former vanish but the latter evolves continuously into the triplet band of the spin liquid. At low doping the quasiparticles form a dilute Fermi gas with a strong attraction but simultaneously the Fermi wavevector, as would be measured in photoemission, is large.Comment: 10 pages and 4 PostScript figures, RevTeX 3.0, ETH-TH/94-0

Umklapp scattering as the origin of TT-linear resistivity in the normal state of high-TcT_c cuprate superconductors

The high-temperature normal state of the unconventional cuprate superconductors has resistivity linear in temperature $T$, which persists to values well beyond the Mott-Ioffe-Regel upper bound. At low-temperature, within the pseudogap phase, the resistivity is instead quadratic in $T$, as would be expected from Fermi liquid theory. Developing an understanding of these normal phases of the cuprates is crucial to explain the unconventional superconductivity. We present a simple explanation for this behavior, in terms of umklapp scattering of electrons. This fits within the general picture emerging from functional renormalization group calculations that spurred the Yang-Rice-Zhang ansatz: umklapp scattering is at the heart of the behavior in the normal phase.Comment: v1 6+1 pages, 4 figures; v2 6+2 pages, 4 figures; v3 6 + 2.5 pages, 5 figure

A new formalism for the estimation of the CP-violation parameters

In this paper, we use the time super-operator formalism in the 2-level Friedrichs model \cite{fried} to obtain a phenomenological model of mesons decay. Our approach provides a fairly good estimation of the CP symmetry violation parameter in the case of K, B and D mesons. We also propose a crucial test aimed at discriminating between the standard approach and the time super-operator approach developed throughout the paper

Academic Media Center

This departmental history was written on the occasion of the UND Centennial in 1983.https://commons.und.edu/departmental-histories/1000/thumbnail.jp

A Study of North Dakota Public Secondary Social Studies Teachers for the Academic Year 1969-1970

Problem: This study examined the academic preparation, teaching assignments, and selected elements of employment of all 673 public secondary social studies teachers in the state of North Dakota for the academic year 1969-1970. Method: There were 9 academic variables considered in the preparation of the social studies teacher: United States history, world history, American government, problems of democracy, economics, international relations, sociology, psychology, and geography. The examination of the preparation included the source of the highest degree earned and the distribution of degrees by accreditation levels and sex. Teaching assignments within and outside of the social studies fields were also examined. The elements concerning employment were: sex, age, teaching experience, terms of employment, length of contract, and the type of certification of the social studies teachers.The statistics used to examine the academic preparation were the mean, standard deviation, multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, and Scheffe\u27s test for multiple comparisons. Means and standard deviations were established for semester hours of preparation for all social studies teachers and Scheffe\u27s test was used to determine significant differences in the mean hours of preparation according to accrediation levels established by the State Department of Public Instruction. Findings: The mean hours of academic preparation in social studies for all social studies teachers was 43.11. The economics teachers\u27 mean of 95.85 hours was greatest in terms of credit earned in social studies. The world history teacher\u27s mean of 13.87 hours of credit earned in world history was highest in terms of the mean hours of credit earned in the course taught. The mean hours earned in social studies was significantly higher for teachers in 1-A schools than for teachers in 2-A, 3-A, or non-accredited schools. The teachers in 1-A schools had significantly higher mean hours preparation in specific courses than teachers in other levels. They were significantly higher in world history preparation than 2-A teacehrs, and significantly higher in United States history, world history, and problems of democracy than 3-A teachers. All other comparisons made with the mean hours of preparation were not significant. The mean number of assignments within the filed of social studies was 3.83 for 1-A teachers and 1.96 for teachers in non-accredited schools. Social studies teachers in 1-A schools were more apt to be assigned in their field than teachers in other levels. All social studies teachers had a 4 year degree with the men tending to hold the higher degrees and the greater percentage of teachers holding the higher degrees were employed in 1-A schools. Valley City State College granted most of the degrees with 125, or 18.50 per cent. There were 11 social studies teachers who had certificates other than First Grade Professional. There were 10 emergency and 1 P-2, or second grade certificate. There were 70 contracts for other than 9 months and 8 part-time teachers. Neither employment nor contract periods followed a pattern by accreditation levels. Recommendations: The significant differences in preparation between social studies teachers in 1-A schools and other levels suggest that the minimal accreditation and certification standards should be raised to protect the students in the lower level schools. There is a need to identify the characteristics and preparation of those North Dakota public secondary school social studies teachers who are highly rated by their students, fellow teachers, administrators, and the public

Operation of an experimental algal gas exchanger for use in a CELSS

Concepts of a Closed Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) anticipate the use of photosynthetic organisms (higher plants and algae) for air revitalization. The rates of production and uptake of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the crew and the photosynthetic organisms are mismatched. An algal system used for gas exchange only will have the difficulty of an accumulation or depletion of these gases beyond physiologically tolerable limits (in a closed system the mismatch between assimilatory quotient (AQ) and respiratory quotient (RQ) is balanced by the operation of the waste processor). The results are given of a study designed to test the feasibility of using environmental manipulations to maintain physiologically appropriate atmospheres for algae and mice in a gas closed system. Specifically, the atmosphere behavior of this system is considered with algae grown on nitrate or urea and at different light intensities and optical densities. Manipulation of both allow operation of the system in a gas stable manner. Operation of such a system in a CELSS may be useful for reduction of buffer sizes, as a backup system for higher plant air revitalization and to supply extra oxygen to the waste processor or during crew changes