Joseph Gantrelle Prize (42nd biennial period, 1976-1977). Report of the jury.

Attribution du prix Gantrelle à René Henry lors de la remise de prix éponyme de 1976-1977 par les jurés Claire Préaux, Maurice Leroy, Jules Labarbe et Léon Lacroix.Awarding of the Gantrelle prize to René Henry at the 1976-1977 eponymous award ceremony by the jurors Claire Préaux, Maurice Leroy, Jules Labarbe and Léon Lacroix

Factors Influencing the Sustained Adoption of Innovative Techniques by Urban Farmers in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo

peer reviewedA package of innovations was disseminated in urban agriculture and created real opportunities for employment, income, and the supply of vegetables of high nutritional quality. However, ten years later, farmers are working for a daily income of less than United State Dollars 1.25, and critical exceedances of heavy metal content standards in crops are recorded. Survey data collected from 202 farmers were used to identify, via the Logit model, the factors influencing the sustained adoption of the of two contrasting innovations of the package. The results of the exploratory survey of 537 farmers showed that 2.42% owned a motor pump, while the in-depth survey revealed that 25.2% of the 202 respondents were using motor pumps at the time of the survey. A total of 74.8% watered with buckets and watering cans. The high cost of the motor pump makes it inaccessible to farmers. Some tried to circumvent this constraint, which led to group purchases. Integrated soil fertility management was used by 58.4% of respondents. In total, 41.6% applied only chemical fertilizers. However, Integrated soil fertility management has been hampered by farmers’ difficulties in accessing organic matter. The results of the Logit model revealed that no socio-demographic factors were significant for sustained adoption of the motor pump. They were relevant, rather, for integrated soil fertility management, where a single factor (mutual aid) appeared to play a role, albeit a moderate one. Economic factors such as land tenure status and diversification of income sources were significant for a sustained adoption of the motor pump. In contrast, no economic factors were significant for a sustained adoption of the integrated soil fertility management. Institutional factors such as access to credit and membership in an association were significant for sustained adoption of the two of innovations studied. A series of avenues to follow to improve the productivity of farms is proposed. We suggest an in-depth study of the mutual aid practiced by 86.1% of the farmers. The results of this study can be taken into account in research and policy aimed at improving adoption of innovative techniques that are beneficial to farmers in developing countries

The Stuttering Poet: A Deleuzian Reading of a Laforguian Poetics

This article explores the complex relationship between the yankee, the Impressionist and the minoritarian in Laforgue's work and suggests that Deleuze's notions of the minor and of stuttering, and his analysis of the characteristics of Anglo-American writing, are particularly pertinent to our understanding of Laforgue's poetics. There is a nineteenth-century context for the minor, but there is a danger that we capitulate to a ‘majoritarian’ criticism if we too quickly espouse lines of filiation. The article constructs an account of Laforgue's developing perception of, and relationship with, verse prosody by examining how he scumbles the outlines and activity of syllables, how he pushes line-structure into a terrain vague, how he re-orientates accent towards the qualitative and tunes the acoustic to Hartmann's Unconscious. His uses of the imperative and infinitive, and their associated punctuations, are related to his responses to Impressionism. The argument ends with reflections on Deleuzian becoming in Laforgue

Jules Romains' Vision of a United Europe in Interwar France: Legacy and Ambiguities

The interwar period in Europe was characterised by a multi-faceted movement in favour of European integration. After the slaughter of the First World War, many intellectuals, writers, industrialists and politicians brought the idea of European unity to the fore and engaged in various actions, from setting up organisations to lobbying governments, to promote the unification of Europe. Much research has been carried out on the leading figures of these pro-European activities but amongst the wealth of this period other actors have tended to be forgotten. Such is the case with the French writer Jules Romains, who not only coined “Europeanism”, the word that would define the whole movement in favour of Europe, but who also actively participated in promoting a united Europe. This article seeks to introduce and discuss Romains’ ideas on Europe. It will demonstrate that his vision was very coherent within the framework of his Unanimist philosophy but was undermined by serious ambiguities. It will also demonstrate that his ideas are of great interest for what they reveal about the interwar period in France and Europe, what they bring to the genealogy of the European project, as set up after the Second World War, and for the ambiguities at the core of his concept of Europe, which are still very much at the heart of many of today’s debates about the European Union

Carte géologique du Département du Nord

Extrait de la Carte de France au 320 000e publiée par le Service Géographique. 1:320 000 (E 2°07'--E 4°09'/ N 50°59'--N 49°57'

The flesh of painting: Caillebotte’s Modern Olympia

The language of putrefaction, often applied through a culinary analogy, appeared consistently in the critical reception of modern-life and Impressionist painting. For example, two critics used the term faisandé, referring to well-hung meat, to describe Manet’s nude figure of Olympia in 1865. The analogies that they posed between morgue bodies, female figures, meat, and fleshy paint material became central modes of denigrating Impressionist paintings of women in the ensuing decades. Gustave Caillebotte’s Veal in a Butcher’s Shop (c. 1882), depicting anthropomorphized, gendered, and sexualized animal flesh, can be considered in this context. In my reading, the painting enacts the critical responses to his colleagues’ figures, foregrounding the violent operations through which bodies might be reduced to meat, whether literal or metaphorical. In their comparisons to rotting flesh, nineteenth-century critics expressed a visceral reaction to works of art that Veal in a Butcher’s Shop demands