Frauen auf dem Weg in die akademische Karriere:: Kaiserreich und Zarenreich im Vergleich

Starting off with the amazing experience of a woman doctor of German origin who had been born, educated and socialized in Russia the article discusses and compares higher education of women in tsarist Russia and imperial Germany. In both countries women aspired to be admitted to university, but for decades had to be content with special institutions (which did not confer academic degrees) in Russia and with the status of auditors in Germany. By discussing the particular features of female higher education and the final success of admission as regular students on an equal basis in German universities and as teaching staff in Russian ones (though women were not allowed to study there!), the article aims at raising our awareness of the complexity of different contexts. In addition to concepts of gender roles, the specific features of the educational systems and the demand for academically trained staff have to be taken into account. Only by clarifying how these (sometimes conflicting) forces were reconciled will we be able to understand the complicated processes of female admission in different countries

Egalität und Weltläufigkeit:: Zur Modernität rußländischer Universitäten und ihrer Professorenschaft

Egalitarian Structures and Cosmopolitan Outlook. ‚Modernity’ in the Professoriate and Universities of the Russian Empire Russian universities were explicitly modelled on the „European example“. This article traces that productive adaptation of a foreign model to the Tsarist Empire, a development resulting in universities more egalitarian than their model, e. g. German universities where many Russian professors received their training. Though designed to educate and train, the universities gradually included research, eventually making this a major requirement for an academic career. Alhough they were state employees, just as their German peers, Russian professors were more eager to serve ‚society’ as opposed to the ‚state’. Their demands for university reform and a constitutional system resulted from the (relative) freedom they had experienced abroad. Final proof of their independence, in regard to both the Russian state and their German teachers, was given during World War I, when many professors kept aloof from chauvinistic undertakings and even declined to exclude enemy aliens from (honorary) membership in Russian academic institutions

IMIS-Beiträge Heft 14 - Themenheft: Europa als Wanderungsziel. Ansiedlung und Integration von Deutschen im 19. Jahrhundert

Peter Marschalck: Einführung Trude Maurer: Between German and Russian Cultures: Germans in the Cities of the Tsarist Empire Panikos Panayi: The Settlement of Germans in Britain during the Nineteenth Century Marlou Schrover: German Communities in Nineteenth Century Utrecht: Factors Influencing the Settlement Process Gesa Snell: Deutsche Immigranten in Kopenhagen im 19. Jahrhundert Greta Devos / Hilde Greefs: The German Presence in Antwerp in the Nineteenth Centru