Analysis of the Difference between Hydraulic Fracturing and Flow Channel Fracturing

As time goes by, there will be a decline in formation productivity, as reflected in the decline in the rate of oil production from production wells. The decline in the rate of production was caused by many things such as a decrease in reservoir pressure, also formation damage. Where damage to the formation will result in a decrease in rock permeability. The decrease in rock permeability is caused by the blockage of rock pores due to the invasion of solids and drill mud filtrate, cementing, fluid fluids or previous stimulation. Besides the small rate of oil production can also be caused by the low natural permeability of rocks. With the decreasing productivity of the formation, it is necessary to make efforts to increase the productivity of the formation again, where one of them is by the method of hydraulic fracture stimulation. In this analysis, we will discuss the difference between conventional stimulation methods and flow channel fracturing. Flow channel fracturing is a fracturing process by making a network around proppant granules to form proppant pillar, so that a path is formed for the fluid to flow more easily. What distinguishes between conventional hydraulic fracturing with flow channel fracturing is the resulting fracture form, fracturing fluid injection pattern, and the amount of proppant used

Cogongrass (<i>Imperata cylindrica</i> L.) Ethanol Extract on Sepsis Mice Model Body Weight and Sepsis Score

Sepsis causes damage for cells, behavioral phenotype regression, and will end in most patients' death. The ethanol extract of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.)  acts as an antioxidant. This study aimed to observe the effect of giving ECGR to body weight (BW) and the sepsis score of the sepsis mice model by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. This study was an in vivo study with a randomized post-test controlled group design at the Animal Laboratory of Universitas Padjadjaran, 2018. We used 4 (four) groups of male mice (Mus musculus) DDY strains. Group 1 as a control, group 2: LPS 10 μL/kgBW, group 3, and 4: LPS+ECGR (90 mg/kgBW, and a dose of 115 mg/kgBW, respectively). This treatment was performed for two weeks. Every three days, we measured their body weight. After two weeks, group 2, group 3, and 4 were injected with LPS for 8 hours to induce sepsis. Next, we measured body weight and sepsis score using murine sepsis score (MSS). Then statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed no differences in body weight were found in the treatment groups (3 and 4) compared with control, suggesting no effect of ECGR in decreasing mice body weight. The sepsis score was more than 21 in groups treated with LPS (2, 3, and 4), suggesting LPS can induce sepsis. There was a slight decrease in scores in-group 3 and 4 compared with group 2. This study concludes that the treatment of ECGR caused no harm to body weight and slightly decreased sepsis score in the sepsis mice model.   EKSTRAK ETANOL ALANG-ALANG (IMPERATA CYLINDRICA L.) TERHADAP BOBOT BADAN DAN SKOR SEPSIS MENCIT MODEL SEPSIS Sepsis menyebabkan kerusakan sel, regresi fenotipe perilaku, dan akan berakhir kematian pada sebagian besar pasien. Ekstrak etanol akar alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica L.) (ECGR) berperan sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ECGR terhadap bobot badan (BB) dan skor sepsis pada mencit model sepsis yang diinduksi lipopolisakarida (LPS). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian in vivo dengan desain randomized post-test controlled group di Laboratoium Hewan Universitas Padjadjaran tahun 2018. Kami menggunakan 4 (empat) kelompok mencit jantan (Mus musculus) strain DDY. Kelompok 1 sebagai kontrol, kelompok 2 diinduksi LPS 10 μL/kgBB, kelompok 3 dan 4 diinduksi LPS+ECGR (dosis 90 mg/kgBB dan 115 mg/kgBB masing-masing). Perlakuan ini dilakukan selama 2 minggu. Setiap tiga hari dilakukan pengukuran bobot badan mencit. Setelah dua minggu, kelompok 2, kelompok 3, dan kelompok 4 diinjeksi LPS selama 8 jam untuk menginduksi sepsis. Selanjutnya, diukur bobot badan dan skor sepsis menggunakan murine sepsis score (MSS). Analisis statistik menggunakan ANOVA dan Uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bobot badan pada kelompok perlakuan (3 dan 4) dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol yang menunjukkan ECGR tidak berpengaruh dalam menurunkan bobot badan mencit. Skor sepsis lebih dari 21 pada kelompok yang diinduksi LPS (2, 3, dan 4) menunjukkan LPS dapat menyebabkan sepsis. Terdapat sedikit penurunan skor pada kelompok 3 dan 4 dibanding dengan kelompok 2. Simpulan penelitian ini, pengobatan ECGR tidak membahayakan bobot badan dan mengakibatkan sedikit penurunan skor sepsis pada mencit model sepsis

Struktur Makroskopis dan Mikroskopis Fosil Kayu Asal Desa Bangun Rejo, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara

Observation of the macroscopic structure included color, hardness and density, while microscopic observations were carried out through three sections, namely the Transverse, Tangential, and Radial sections, using Stereo Microscope NIKON SMZ 645 and Research Microscope Eclipse E400 (equipped with a Nikon camera). The counted cells were: Pores (diameter, height, number), Rays (height, width, number), and the percentage of cells. The hardness value was calculated by using a rock hardness tester, namely 'Diamond Selector II'. Meanwhile, specific gravity was calculated by using general calculation standard for specific gravity, namely the ratio of mass to volume. The results showed that microscopically the two samples of wood fossils found were hardwood fossils (broad leaf wood) whose species was not yet known, with the characteristics of mostly solitary pores, uniseriate rays with heterogeneous arrangement. Meanwhile, the macroscopic observations of wood fossils FKM1 showed dark brown, light brown and a mixture of red. The second FKM2 showed light brown, yellow and dark brown colors. The hardness both was 4 on the Mohs scale, while the density were 3.25 and 3.04, respectively

ANALISIS BAHAN KIMIA OBAT NATRIUM DIKLOFENAK PADA JAMU ASAM URAT YANG BEREDAR DI KOTA BANJARMASIN

Jamu asam urat merupakan alternatif pengobatan selain pengobatan konvensional untuk penyakit goat arthritis atau lebih familiar dengan nama asam urat di masyarakat. Selain harganya yang terjangkau, jamu yang merupakan obat tradisional dipercaya relatif lebih aman dibandingkan dengan obat sintetik sehingga seringkali menjadi pilihan bagi masyarakat dalam mengatasi keluhan penyakitnya. Namun saat ini, demi mencapai hasil pengobatan yang lebih instan tanpa mempertimbangkan resikonya terhadap kesehatan, produsen jamu asam urat seringkali menambahkan bahan kimia obat (BKO) natrium diklofenak yang dapat membayakan bagi tubuh jika digunakan tanpa takaran maupun dosis yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bahan kimia obat natrium diklofenak pada jamu asam urat yang beredar di Banjarmasin. Sampel jamu asam urat pada penelitian dibeli secara acak dari penjual jamu kemasan di Pasar Sudimampir. Analisis secara kualitatif dilakukan dengan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) menggunakan fase gerak etil asetat: n-heksana (7: 3), hasil analisis menunjukan sampel jamu asam urat negatif mengandung natrium diklofenak sebab memiliki selisih nilai Rf yang jauh berbeda dengan standar natrium diklofenak. Uji dilanjutkan secara kuantitatif dengan metode Spektrofotometeri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 230 nm dengan variasi konsentrasi baku standar adalah 10, 12, 14, 16, dan 18 ppm, diperoleh kadar natrium diklofenak yang sangat kecil pada sampel jamu asam yaitu sebesar 0,01218%